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ÝÑ þ‘ÇÓÖ ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ ´±€Ì À‘°Å Šòº³ µ‘è µ€¥—ºìÅ ´±€Ì´ ±ÏØÝ‘Øòþº‘³ µ‘ò‘Å ±Ïµ‘ãòì ÝÑ, èãÑ ±Ï™þ‘Ò´³¥ò À³€Ì™¿ ½é¿º¨Žé‘Ñ. Šòº°‘Å ±Ïµ‘ãòì ƒÌÚ þ‘ÇÕ™´ ±ÏźÚÅ ×¹³ þœÑŽé‘Ñ.

''³Ñבœ Ãï×Ì‘Ö °×€ãÆ‘Åº¦ œ»™¿ºª¥ Ÿ°ºø Ãï×Íò œ‘º ØþÀ‘œî´±ò ¶Á´°À‘ÚÅ, Ÿ¹°Ì´ þ°‘急Ƒò ‡òì ý ‚¯¥‘è À›ã‘œ‘œîÅ —œË° Ÿ¹°Ì´ þ°‘èæ™ ×ÏõÅ ŠÏÃ€é ‚¯¥‘è œ‘íê™ —‘¨´° ±ÏÀ‘€Ò€Æ ˆíì™—‘èæÅ —º‘Ϫ¨Å ýŸ¹°ÌÌ‘óò èãÝÑ ±Ï™þ‘Ò´³¥ò À³€Ì™ ‡à¹°ÏæŽé‘Ñ'' ‡òì þ‘ÇÖ €Ý¿»°â, ÝÑ À³€Ì™ ×Ï×°ò ‘Ì«´€°™ ˜ìŽé³.-1

ƒ´±ÏØÝ‘ØÖ ÝÑ, èãÑ ±Ï™þ‘ÒÅ ¾¯¨ ×ÏŽé‘Ñ. "ÿ ŠÏ×Ñ™Å —ÀËÆîÖ€Ò" ‡òì —ºÍÆ‘âבÏÅ, "פœ™è×ò À‘À‘Æò" ‡òì µÅÀ‘âבÏÅ, ƒ´°Ò´³ ƒ€é×€î - Ý€Ì - º‘¦ÇÏ¿º€°™ ‘ª¦-2 ™‘Ì«À‘þ× ÝÑ, èãÑ þץŠ¾¯¨ ×ÏŽé‘Ñ ‡òì ½Ì‘¬Ñè (½Ì‘« ØÏÅ»è) Ï³ŽòéîÑ. ƒ™Ï´³ —º‘Ï´°À‘î°òì.

èãÑ ‡òé œ‘±Æ‘ÍÖ ÝÑÀ€Ò¿ º±ÇÕÅ þÀÕ–Ñ¿ º±ÇÕŠבâŽòé ''þÀÒµ‘ª¨™èãÑ'' ‡òé »ÍØîÑ þº‘Òþ× ÝÑ þ×¥Áª¨ ×ÏŽé‘Ñ. ¢œ‘±ÇîÍò ‚œ‘Ì›æ™þíé þ×¥´€°þÆ ÝÑ ½€î¹³ ×ÏŽé‘Ñ ‡òº³ —°ä×‘î …¯€ÀÆ‘Å. €™—‘ò鑍 ×ã°¦ ‡î¿º¨Å ×ãÍ´°¦, œ‘ª€¥ þº‘òé Å½, âµ‘ª¨™ èãÑ œ‘±ÇÖ ‚¯è ƒ¨Žòé —‘¯€¥, °€ÒÇÖ …ÏÀ‘Ö, ¢œ‘±ÇîÑ —ºÍ³Å ØÏÅ» ¬ÉŠׯ¦™¨™ò - ƒ€×þÆ èãÑ þ×¥´±ò þ°‘íéÀ‘Å.

"×ã°¦" ‡î¿º¨Å ×ãÍ´¦þÆ ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ Vellari Thade ‡òìÅ Boomrang ‡òìÅ ê´³èãîÑ. ƒÒ™€´ °‘™ŽØª¨™ ê€×´°×Í¥þÀ ±ÏÅ» ×ÏÅ €À¿½€¥Æ ‚É°Å ƒ³. âµ‘ª¨™ èãÏÅ ×›€, ½³™þ‘ª€¥¿ º±ÇÖ ×‘â¹° èãÏÅ ƒ™Ï؀ƙ €Æ‘æ×±Ö —ºÏŽâ —ºíé×эè. ''Àï°ò ðòðґ¿ ºÆòº¨´±Æ Ï؍äÖ ×ãÍ´°¦ÉÅ Šòì'' ‡òì €Ò™ ã¤ÆÅ ˜ìŽé³.-3 "À³€Ì À‘ת¥ Ì°â" ‡òé ¸–€Ò ‡à±Æ »Ì‘òø, —°òï¹±Æ œ‘±€ã¿ ºíêÆ ¸–Ö ‡à±Æ ‡ª‘Ñ °Ñø¥ò, ƒÌ‘®× ¶€îÚè ‡òé ¸–€Ò ‡à±Æ —×Öö ‚ŽþÆ‘Ñ °Å ¸–íäÖ ƒ™Ï؀ƿ ºíêÉÅ, èãÑ ƒî´°×Ñ ƒ€°™ €Æ‘¯¥ Ã€é ºíêÉÅ ¶€éÆ ‡à±ÉèãîÑ.-4 ×›€ œÍ´±Ì ÅÀ‘€î ‡òé ¸–Ö —ºÍÆÀϳ ×ãÍÇî‘Ö ÀÖÒ‘ÍÌ‘Øò °€Ò€Æ ì´° —œË±€Æ

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‡òì ê™Žé³.-5 °òÀ½´±Ìò ‡à±Æ ב—ãຳ ‡òé ¸–ÕÅ ×ã̀ƙ ê¿»¨×°‘ Â. ÀþÌò ‡à³Žé‘Ñ.-6

''×ãÍ ‡òñÅ ƒÜבɰŠƒ¹±Æ‘ØþÒþÆ °Áâ¿ º±ÇþÒ°‘ò ºÆòº¨´°¿º¨Žé³ ...........1883 À‘Ñ¢Ö ×›€™ ¯€ÀÇÖ ƒ¹° "¾ÀÌ‘›è" ºÆòº¨´°¿º¨×€° þµÍÖ ‘®Å ב˿½ ‡î™™ Žª¦Æ³'' ‡òì ½Ðø ½ª (Bruce Foote) ê¿»¨Žé‘Ñ.-7

€™—‘ò鑍 ×ãÍ ˆ¹±Æ ÝÏ™ ƒ¥¿º¨Å —‘¯€¥ÉÅ èãÑ œ‘±ÇÖ ‚¯è ƒ¨Žòé —‘¯€¥þÆ œ‘°‘Ì«À‘¿ —º¯è ƒ¨Žòé —‘¯€¥€Æ¿þº‘Ò¿ »¥ÍÇò â¿ º±ÇÖ —°‘¥›Ž þ°‘€ã þµ‘™Ž¢ œÍ¹°°‘ ƒÖÒ‘ÀÖ µ¨¿º±ÇÖ ƒ™—‘¯€¥ þµÌ‘î°‘ €À¹³èã³. (ƒ¢œ‘±ÇîÍÖ ×Æ°‘î ‹ÍÏ×Ñ ƒ™—‘¯€¥ ƒª¦Ï¹°€° µ‘ò þµÍÖ ¯¦Ï™Žþéò)

À³€Ì ƒ°â ‡òé ¸–—Òà±Æ —µÖœò ''è㢠œ‘±ÇÖ 15 ×Æ°‘î ‚¯Àò °‘ò ØÏŽÅ×€Ì Ã¦ ×ãÑ´³™—‘èãÒ‘Å. ì €ºÆòæ™ ƒ¹° …Í€À ƒÖ€Ò'' (At fifteen a Kallan usually entitled to be considered a proficient and the time forth he is allowed to grow his hair as long as he pleases, a privilege denied to younger boys)-8 ‡òì ê¿»¨×³ ƒ¢œ‘±ÇÖ ‚¯è —‘¯€¥Ç¨Å ×Ý™´€° …챿º¨´³Žé³. ׯ¦™¨™ò ‘³ À¥þÒ‘¨ Šª¦Æ±Ö€Ò Á¿ —ºÍÆ ‘³ ×€ãÆÅ ƒ³. ¦¿½é´±Ö Ö€×´³™ ª¥¿ºª¦Ï™Žé³. ƒ¢œ‘òìã‘Ö ÝÑ þÀÒµ‘ª¨™ èãÑ œ‘±Çò þ°‘íé´€°þÆ ½€î¹³ ×ÏÅ —œË± …챿º¨Žé³.

ƒ™þ‘ÇÖ, "èãÝÑ þ‘ÇÖ" ‡òþé ¥¹° ¸–í鑯¦ÓϹ³ ‚׫›äÕÅ ê™¿º¨Žé³. ƒÏ¿»ñÅ ‚â×‘Ñè º‘ŸÌ›äÖ Àª¨Áòê ƒ™þ‘ÇÖ …èã 123 Ö—ת¨™äÕÅ ŠòêÖ˜¥ ƒ¿—ºÆÑ ×Ý›™ ‘«ØÖ€Ò. ÝÑ éפ, ÝÑ ÒźÅ, ÝÑ »è€ã´°Áâ, ÝÑ Žè€ãب³–³, ƒÏº°‘Å ¸–í鑯¦—Ò๰ þœ‘€Ò À€Ò™ éפ ‚ŽÆ ƒÒ™ŽÆ›æÅ ƒ€°¿ºíê ‡¹°™ ê¿€ºÉÅ °ÌØÖ€Ò. ÝÑ Žè€ãب³–³ ÝÑ À³€Ì™ ×¹³ €×€Æ‘íêÖ ƒé›×€°¿ºíê Àª¨þÀ º‘¨Žé³. À³€Ì™ ×ÏÅ Ý€Ì ×Ìþ×íÅ ×€ÇÒÀѹ° ÝÑ ×Ï€¿ º´³Å, èãÑ þ×¥Á¨×€°™ ê™ØÖ€Ò. —œò€î â´±€œ ‹€Ò¢Ÿ×¦ ¸–ҍ´±Õèã ±ÏÀ‘ÓϤþœ‘€ÒÀ€Ò ''ÝÑ À‘€Ò'' ‡òñÅ ¸–Ö Àª¨Å (R 8462)

''èã™ ¦ª …Í€À €À´°Ïè ‘Ì«´°‘Ö
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‡òì èãÝÑ ‡òé —ºÆ€ÌÉÅ, èãÑ™ …Í€ÀÉ€¥Æ×Ñ ÝÑ ‡òé —œË±€ÆÉÅ ê¿»¨Žé³.-9

ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½ ‡òñÅ º‘¥Ö ÝÑ èãÑ þ×¥Á¨×€°™ ''èãÑ þץŠ°‘—³ €ÇÖ ×€ã°¦ÉÅ °‘ò »¦´³'' ‡òì ê¿ºþ°‘¨ °íÍÆ €°Ç€îÉÅ ê™Žòé³.-10 (µ‘íº³ ‚¯¨æ™ Ãò Ïœ‘Á ‡òº×Íò þׯ¨þ‘晎«› ƒÌ‘Àœ‘Á™ ØÌ‘ÆÑ ‡à±Æ ''—ºÍÆ ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½Å'' èãÑ þ×¥´±Ö ÝÑ ×Ï×€° ØÍ´³€Ì™Žòé³.-11

ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½ ˜ìÅ €° ƒ³°‘ò. ÝÑ, þ‘ÇÓÓϹ³ À³€Ì ×ÏÅ×ÞÇÖ èã¹±Í °‘¯¨Žé‘Ñ. ¿þº‘³,

''èãÑ - ‘Ƒž þÀï€Æ
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…¥þî ÝÑ ''µ‘ò ׯ¦ÊÑ —œòì ¯¨Å À€Ò™´ ±ÏŽÅ×€Ì ‡ò …¯¦Æ€Ò´ ³–™Ž™—‘¯¨ בϛè'' ‡òì ª¥€ãǪ¥‘Ñ.

ƒ¿º±ÇÖ µ‘ª¨¿½é À™ä¥Å ×Ý›Å €°ÉÅ ƒþ° —œË±€Æ´°‘ò —œ‘ÖŽé³. ‚î‘Ö èã¹±Í À¯¥ºÅ °‘¯¦ ×¹°þº‘³ ƒ¹¶â¢ µ¥¹°°‘ ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½ —œ‘ÖÒ, À™ä¥Å ×Ý›Å €°þÆ‘ ƒ¢œÅº×Å ''‘€Ì™ Ž«íêÖ (‘°™Ž«ì) µ¥¹°°‘þ× ˜ìŽé³. ƒÌ¯¦¥›æ™Ž€¥ÇÖ 5 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒÚ …èã³. —ºÍÆ ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½Å ‘€Ì™ Ž«íêÖ ƒ¹¶â¢ µ¥¹°°‘þ× ˜ìŽé³. êÆ ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½ Àíþé‘Í¥´±Ö ''‘€Ì™Ž«Ñ ¥¹°‘Ñ - ‡ò€îÆò èãÑ ºÆþÀ ²Ñ¹°‘Ñ''-13 ‡òì ˜ìŽé³. °ØÌÚÅ ƒ¿º± À™ä¥´±Ö ''‘€Ì™Ž«ì Þ¢þœò Þ¢þœò - èãÑ þ×õÅ þº‘ªþ¥ò þº‘ªþ¥ò''-14 ‡òì ÝÑ —œ‘Ö×°‘ ×Ý›Å —œ‘ÖÒ€¥ (Proverbial phrase)ÉÅ ƒ™Ï´€° …ì± —œË×°‘Ö, èãÑ ÝÑ †Ñ×Ò´€° Àê´° ƒ¥Å ‘€Ì™Ž«ì°‘ò ‡òì …ì±Æ‘™ —‘èãÒ‘Å. ƒ¢—œ‘ÖÒ€¥, ¶â¢ µ¥¹° ƒ¥´þ°‘¨ ÝÑ ‘€Ì™ Ž«ì °‘¯¦™ èãÑ þ×¥Á¨×°‘ ˆþ°‘ …ì± (œ´±ÆÅ) —œË³ —‘¨¿º³ þº‘ÒÚÅ —œ‘ÖŽé³.

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—×èäÆ›òéÅ óÂò°‘Ñ µ‘Æ™Ì‘ªÇòþº‘³ ÝÑþ‘ÇÖ, ''×¥™™ þ‘ª€¥ —‘´°ÝÅ'' º‘³‘×Ö —º‘ì¿»Ö ƒÏ¹°‘Ñ. ÝÑ †Ñ×ÒÅ ±ÏÀ€Ò µ‘Æ™Ñ ‘Ò´±Ö°‘ò À³€Ì ×¹°³. °í Ãò þœ‘Ý×¹°‘ò ÏŽÕèã þ°ñ–Ñ —œòé³. —×èäÆ›òéÅ óÂò°‘Ï™ œÅ 1591-ƒÖ (Ž.». 1669-ƒÖ) ±ÏÀ€Òµ‘Æ™Ñ ×Ý›ŽÆ ºª¥ÆÅ þץэè (×€ÒÆÑ ‡î¿º¨Å Ä¿ºî‘Ñ œ‘±ÇîÑ) ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÖ µ€€ãÉÅ º‘´±Ì›€ãÉÅ —‘è€ãǪ¥ —œË±€Æ™ ê™Žé³.-15 ƒ¿ºª¥ÆÅ ±ÏÀ€Òµ‘Æ™Ñ À€é¹³ º´°‘¯¨æ™¿ »òîþÌ (Posthumous record) ×Ý›¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ°íÃò œÅ 1489-ƒÖ (Ž.». 1567-ƒÖ) ؟׵‘°µ‘Æ™Ñ ×Ý›ŽÆ ºª¥ÆÅ èãÑè ÝÑþ‘ÇÕ™ ×¹° º™°Ñ€ã™ —‘è€ãƦ´³´ —°‘Ö€Ò —‘¨´° —œË±€Æ™ ê™Žé³.-16

ƒÌ¯¨ ºª¥Æ›äÕÅ ÝÑ œ¿ºÌ´€° Àê´° —œË±þÆ‘ èãÑ þץŠºíêÆ ê¿þº‘ ‘«¿º¥ØÖ€Ò. ‡îþ× µ‘Æ™Ì‘ªÇò Ù⢝Çòþº‘³, µ‘ª¦Ö ÌÆÖ °€Ò€À ºÒÙîÀ€¥¹±Ï¹° ‘Ò´±þÒ°‘ò ƒ¹¶â¢ µ¥¹±Ï™Ò‘Å ‡òì ‡¯«´ þ°‘òìŽé³.

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‚âבэäÖ —º¯º‘ÒÌ‘î ‚¯¥‘晐 ÝÍ¥´±Õèã „¨º‘ª¦ò ‘Ì«À‘ÚÅ, ‚¯¥‘è ¡¦™—‘¨´° À‘€ÒÇ€î¢ ´±€Ì ØÝ‘ØÖ ÝÑ ¡¨×°î‘ÕÅ, ýØÖÓ¿½´³–ÍÕÅ À‘ÑÞ À‘°Å µ€¥—ºìÅ ÿÌ‘ª¨´ ±ÏØÝ‘Øò ƒÌ¯¥‘Å µ‘äÖ ƒþ°þº‘òé èãÑ þץŠƒ¥¿º¨Žé³. —ºÏź‘ÕÅ À³€Ì¿ º±ÇÕè㠀׫י þ‘Ç֍äÕÅ, µ×Ì‘´±Í™ —‘ÕØò þº‘³ Ò ÅÀò þ‘Ç֍äÕÅ ¥Ú晐™ èãÑ þ×¥Á¨ŽòéîÑ. ƒÜצ״€° ™‘Ò¢ œÃ°‘ÆÅ ˆíì™—‘¯¥ Ø°´±í ƒ€× œ‘òìã‘Å.

ÝÍò èãÑ þ‘ÒÅ, °í‘î €°, œ¥›è, µÅ»™€è ƒ×íêÓϹ³ µÅÀ‘Ö …¯€ÀÆ‘ µ¥¹° ¶â¢€ã †Ž´³ …«Ì (infer) æŽé³.

ÝÑ þ‘ÇÕ™´ —°íŽÕÅ ŽÝ™ŽÕÅ þÀÒµ‘ª¨™ èãэþã —ºÏ¹—°‘€Æ‘ בàÅ œ‘±ÇîÌ‘×Ñ. ×Ñè €×«× ÀÌ»îÑ ÖÒÑ. Á¿—ºÍÆ —œ‘´³€¥€À ¶ì×îÀ‘ŽÆ þ‘ÇþÒ‘ ŠÏ À€Ò¿º±ÇÖ €À¹³èã³. ‚è×Ó€ÀÉÅ ‚É° ×Ó€ÀÉÅ …€¥Æ èãÑ œ‘±ÇîÑ °›è À̽×Þ µ‘ª¨¿º±ÇÖ ¸€Ý¹³, À³€Ì™ ×ÏÅ ÝÍò †Ñ×Ò´€° Àê´³™ —‘è€ãÇ¥ ÀîŽòéîÑ. þ‘ÇÓò þÀÒ‘¯€À€Æ ˆíêϹ° þÀÖœ‘±ÇîÑ "þ‘ÇÕÅ ƒ€é×ñÅ …›æ™¿ —º‘³" ‡î¢ œÀ̜Š(compromise) —œË³—‘èã Ãò×ÏŽòéîÑ. œÀÌœ´±ò —×俺‘¥‘ þ‘ÇÖ µ€¥Ã€éäÖ èãÑ™ ÀÍÆ‘€°è ×Ý›¿º¨Žòéî. ‚¦À‘°´ þ°Ñ´ ±ÏØÝ‘ØÖ µ‘òŽÖ Äòì ×¥›€ã ƒà™Å …Í€À þÀÒµ‘ª¨™ èãÑ™ ×Ý›¿º¨Žòé³. ´±€Ì´ ±ÏØÝ‘ØÖ ÝÑþ‘ÇÕ™Å, °ÖÒ‘ã´±íÅ ƒ€¥¿ºª¥ º±ÇÖ, èãÑ œ‘±Çò ‚¯À€î¿ þº‘Ò ƒ€é×ñ™ þ×¥À¬Ø´³ ×ÌÚÅ þ‘ÇÒ‘Ñ …¥òº¨ŽòéîÑ.

¶ÒÀ‘ïÆ À±¿¼¨è (Feudal values) ×Ó€ÀÆ‘ ƒÏ¹° ™‘Ò´±Ö "þ‘ÇÖ ÀÍÆ‘€°" ‡òº³ èãÑ œ‘±Æ‘Ï™™ Ž€¥´° Á¿—ºÍÆ ›‘ÌÀ‘™ Ï°¿ºª¦Ï™Žòé³. ‚€Æ‘Ö ×эæÅ ƒ°í …¥òºª¦Ï™ŽòéîÑ. €×«× À°Å œ‘ѹ° þ‘ÇÖ, ŠÏ º¯º‘ª¨¢ œÀÌœ´€° (cultural compromise) —×íêÌÀ‘¢ —œË³ æ´³´ °ò€îÉÅ °ò —œ‘´³™€ãÉÅ ‘´³™ —‘¯¦Ï™Žé³. µ‘〥ØÖ þ‘ÇÕÅ èãÝÑ þ‘ÇÖ ‡òþé ×Ý›¿º¥Ò‘Çíì. ƒ³þ× ÝÑ, èãÝÑ ‚î €°Æ‘Å. À³€Ì µÌ´±ò ÌÆÖ °€Ò€À, ×Ó€ÀÇݹ³ þº‘ÇϹ° ‘Ò´±Ö°‘ò (…´þ°œÀ‘ Ž.». 1690-1742) ƒ¹° ¶â¢ µ€¥—ºíêÏ™ þׯ¨Å ‡òì þ°‘òìŽé³.

°Áⵑª¨ €×«×Å ƒ³þº‘òé ºÒ ñº×›€ã™ —‘¯¦Ï™Žé³. œ‘ò鑍, ‚â×‘Ñ ±ÏµÍ µÅÀ‘â×‘Ñ ±ÏÚÏ×´€° ßÔÅ º€¥—ƨ¿½™ ‘Ò´±Ö —º‘±ÆÀ€Ò ¦×‘Ì´±Ö ŠÏ Ÿ€îÇÖ þº‘ª¨Øª¥îÑ. º€Æ¢œÅ ÿ›ŽÆ»ò ¹° ƒ¥´€° €¥Æ‘ãÅ ¯¨ ‚ÝÀ‘î Ÿ€îÇÓϹ³ ¹° Ø™ŽÌ´€° ŠÏ é×ò ‡¨´³´ °¹°‘ò ‡òºÑ. ×ñ™ ÀÍÆ‘€° —œËÉÅ —º‘Ϫ¨, ƒòéãÚÅ µ‘èþ°‘ìÅ ê³þµÌÅ µÅÀ‘â×‘Ñ Ø™ŽÌ´³™, "é×ò —‘¯€¥" ƒ¥¿º¨Žé³.

‚ÀÎ±Æ‘î œ¥›þ㑨 œÅ»Ì°‘ÆÅ ‡òé —ºÆÍÖ ºÒ œ¥›è ת¥‘Ì þ×캑¨þ㑨 °Áⵑª¨ €×«×´±Ö Ò¹³èãî. Üבé‘î œ¥›äÖ —ºÏź‘Ò‘î€× »íº¨´°¿ºª¥, °‘â´°¿ºª¥ œ‘±Æ‘Ï™ À°´±ò ‡Ö€Ò™è —ºÏÀãÚ …Í€À °¹³èãî. ‚œ‘ÍÆÑæ€¥Æ Ï´±Ö …ÏבŽ …ºþ°œ ºÌź€ÌÇþÒþÆ °ïÆ‘ ×ãѹ³×¹° °Áⵑª¨ €×«×´±íÅ, ‚À›€ãÉÅ ‚À œÅ»Ì°‘Æ›€ãÉÅ þµÌ‘¿ »òºíê ×¹° ‚ÒÆ›æ™Å þµÌ‘î —°‘¥Ñ½ Ž€¥Æ‘³'' ‡òì €×«× ×ÌÒ‘í€é €×«× ê£Ñ Ì‘À‘ñó °‘´°‘¢œ‘ÍÆ‘Ñ Ø㙐Žé‘Ñ.-18 ‚ÇñÅ ƒ¢œÅ»Ì°‘Æ›è »òîÑ ‚ÒÆ µ€¥Ã€éþÆ‘¨ Ò¹³Øª¥î. ½±Æ œÅ»Ì°‘Æ›æÅ …ÏבŽ ×í€éÉÅ ‚ÒÆ›è ˆíì™—‘¯¨Øª¥î.

ƒÌ‘À‘ñœÏ™¿ »ò °Áⵑª¨ €×«×Å œ‘± þ×캑¨€ã´ °‘¯¦ œ‘°‘Ì« À™þ㑨 Ò¹°³. °ò Ø€ãב ƒÜ×€Æ‘î µ€¥Ã€é€ã €×«×Å ØÏÅ» ˆíì™—‘¯¥³. ƒ™Ï´³™¢ œ‘Ѻ‘î µ€¥Ã€é€ã °Áⵑ¨ Ãà׳Š€×«×™ þ‘Ç֍äÖ ‘«Ò‘Å. °Áⵑª¦Ö Ìœ ‚°Ì€× Á™ €é¹° ãØÖ —ºíé À°Å €×«×Å°‘ò. ‡îþ× þµÌ¦Æ‘þ× À™€ã´ °òº™Å „Ñ™þׯ¦Æ ¡â¶€ÒÉÅ ª¥‘ÆÃÅ °í ˆíºª¥³. Ø€ãב ‚À ×Þº‘ª¨ (great traditions) ÀéæÅ µ‘ª¨¿½é ×Þº‘ª¨ ÀéæÅ (folk traditions) Ò¹³ ×ãѹ°°‘´ °Áⵑª€¥ €×«×Å ½±Æ …Ï™—‘¯¥³.

¦™ê¿½è

1. ´±€Ì´ ±ÏØÝ‘ €Ý¿»°â - 1977, ÝÑþ‘ÇÖ, º. 1.

2. —ºÍÆ‘â×‘Ñ ±Ï—À‘Þ, (µ‘Ò‘ÇÌ´ ±ÜØÆ¿»Ìº¹°Å, ±Ïþ×›¥´°‘ò ±ÏÀòéÅ º±¿½, 1973, —œò€î) º‘. 454, µÅÀ‘â×‘Ñ ±Ïב˗À‘Þ, º‘. 3140.

3. €Ò™ã¤ÆÅ, —°‘± 6. º. 684.

4. "Welsh. Military Reminiscences" quoted by Â. ÀþÌò, ×ãÍ (ª¨€Ì) ÀòîÑ ÖÕ–Í —×èäØÝ‘ ÀÒÑ, ×›€, 1973, º. 83.

5. ×›€ œÍ´±Ì™ ÅÁÉÅ ÅÀ‘€îÉÅ, ±. œ¹±ÌþœÌò (º.‚.), â´±€œ ‹€Ò¢Ÿ×¦ ¸–ҍÅ, —œò€î, º. 148.

6. Â. ÀþÌò, ×ãÍ (ª¨€Ì) þÀÒ³, º. 81

7. Edgar Thurston, Ethnogrphic notes in Southern India (Reprint), 1975, p. 558.

8. J.H. Nelson - Manual of Madurai. Vol. II, p. 55.

9. ±ÏÀ‘ÓϤþœ‘€ÒÀ€Ò, ÝÑÀ€Ò, €—Æà´³¿º¦, R. 8462. â´±€œ ‹€Ò¢Ÿ×¦ ¸–ҍÅ, —œò€î, º‘. 12

10. ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½, ýÀè Å—ºï º±¿½, º. 15

11. ƒÌ‘Àœ‘Á™ ØÌ‘ÆÑ, —ºÍÆ ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½, (ó’. Ì‘Àœ‘Á™þ‘ò) 9‚Å º±¿½, À³€Ì, º. 53.

12. ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½, º™. 6 & 7.

13. þÀÒ³, º. 7.

14. °×Ö °¹°×Ñ: º‘. . À€ÒÆ‘¯¦ ÅºÒÅ, —‘¦™ãÅ 15.11.77.

15 & 16. —×èäÆ›òéÅ óÂò°‘Í¥Ãèã —œ¿½¿ºª¥Æ›è.

17. °×Ö °¹°×Ñ: Ÿ¿€ºÆ‘´þ°×Ñ, ‚ØÊÑ (Ï¿½™þ‘ª€¥ 22.4.77)

18. ™ï þ‘´ÌÅ Ì‘À‘ñó °‘´°‘¢œ‘ÍÆ‘Ñ, ×ÌÒ‘íêÖ »é¹° €×«×Å, ýœ‘Ì›º‘¬ þ°×ø°‘îÅ, ¥¹€°, 1973, º. 9.

µòê: —°Ë×›æÅ œÄ À̽æÅ