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—ºÆÑ™‘Ì«Å:
þ‘ÆŽ´³–Ñ ‡òº³ 'þ‘œÑ' ‡òì œ› ƒÒ™ŽÆÅ ˜ìÅ —º‘Ë™˜é‘°×Ñ ×‘â¹° ƒ¥Å ‡òì ˜é¿º¨Žé³. þ‘œÑ ‡òº³ þ‘ÆÑ ‡òé‘Ž, þ‘Æò + ½´³–Ñ = þ‘ÆŽ´³–Ì‘Ž ت¥³.

‡Ö€Òè:
þ‘€× À‘ת¥´±ò ×¥™ŽÖ Ñµ‘¥ À‘¶ÒÃÅ —°íŽÖ þÌãÀ‘¶ÒÃÅ ‡Ö€Òã‘ …èãî. ŽÝ™ŽÖ „þÌ‘¨ À‘ת¥ÃÅ, þÀíŽÖ ÿÒŽÍ À‘ת¥ÃÅ …èã³. þÀí —°‘¥Ñ¢ À€ÒÉÅ, ÿÒÀ€ÒÉÅ ŠÏ À±Öþº‘Ö ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´€° ׀㴳èãî.

þ‘€× À‘ת¥´±Õè㠍‘¨äò ºÌ¿½ - 1,69,720 —ù™þ¥Ñ. œ‘€Òäò ÿãÅ - 7434.8 Ž.Â. º±Ú —ºíé בî›è 2,57,042, ×›Žè 328, ‘×Ö¶€ÒÆ›è - 60, ‘×Òэè 5910, °¹± Õ×ҍ›è 260, °¹± ¤œÒ›è 172, —º‘³´ —°‘€Òþºè - 1134. þ‘€× À‘ת¥´±ò °€ÒµÌÅ þ‘Æô³–Ñ. ƒ°ò ºÌ¿½ 6623.97 œ.Ž.Â, À™è —°‘€ 35,08.374 þºÑ. ƒ±Ö ‚¯è 17,97,189, —º¯è 17,11,185 þºÑ. ‡à´°êÚ …èþã‘Ñ 20,75,023 þºÑ, À™è —µÏ™Å œ.Ž.Â. 473 þºÑ.

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×ÌÒ‘íì¢ é¿½:

œ› ‘Ò´±þÒþÆ °Áݍ´€° þœ‘ݵ‘¨, º‘¯¦Æµ‘¨, þœÌµ‘¨, —‘›µ‘¨ ‡òì »Í´±Ï¹°‘эè. þ‘€× À‘ת¥Å —‘› º±ÇÖ ƒÏ¹°³. —‘› µ‘¨ºíê œ› ƒÒ™ŽÆ›äÖ ¶€éÆ °×Öè Ž€¥™Žé³. þœÌ µ‘ª¦í ¨´° µ‘¥‘ —‘› º± ƒÏ¹°°°‘Ö þœÌÑè ƒ¿º±€ã ‚¯¥îÑ. ã¿»Ìэè, ƒÌ‘ö¦Ìэè, › Àòîэè, þœ‘Ýэè, ØóƵÌÀòîэè, ±¿½ŸÖ°‘ò, ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ ×€Ì ƒ¿º± ¹°¹°™ ‘Ò›äÖ ×эã‘Ö ‚㿺ª¥³.

Ö—ת¦Ö ‘«¿º¨Å †Ñè
þœ‘ÝÀ‘þ°Ø, °‘ä, ¦À›ÒÅ, þó‘°Åºª¦, ¥´³–Ñ, ¬ÊÑ, ¯«‘¦¿½´³–Ñ, —‘àÀÅ, À‘ÌÓ›Å, ±ÏÃÏ™ò¾¯¦, Øµ‘
óÀ™è ƒ¨Þè Ž€¥´° †Ñè - ƒÏ˜Ñ, œ‘צ¿º‘€ãÆÅ, —×èãæÍÖ 522 þÌ‘À µ‘«Æ›è Ž€¥´³èãî.

×Þº‘ª¦¥›è:
þºÐÑ - ºª§ø×ÌÑ þ‘ØÖ, ‘ÌÀ€¥-Ì›µ‘Ñ þ‘ØÖ, Ï¹°À€Ò Ãύò þ‘ØÖ, Øµ‘ÇÕè㠁ص‘Æ¿ºÑ, ±ÏÃÏ™ò ¾¯¦ÇÖ …èã Ãύµ‘°Ñ þ‘ØÖ, þÀÖ °ÅºÌÅ µ¥Ì‘óÑ þ‘ØÖ, þ‘€× þ‘¬ÆÅÀò, ÀÏ°À€Ò Ãύò, „¢œî‘Í Øµ‘ÆÑ Ã°ÓÆ€× ×Þ¿º‘ª¦¥›è ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö ÙŽÆÀ‘î °Ò›ã‘Å.

ŸíìÒ‘ ƒ¥›è:
‚€îÀ€Ò ×îØÒ›è ½Ó¥Å - ƒ¿½Ó¥Å ŸÀ‘Ñ 1400  …ÆÌ´±Ö 948 œ.Ž.Â. ºÌ¿ºãØÖ, þ‘€×™´ 90 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ —º‘èã‘¢ ת¥´±Ö €À™¿ºª¨èã³.

ƒ› Æ‘€î, ‘ª—¥Ï€À, ½Ó, ì´€°, Ì¦, À‘ò, ‘ª¨µ‘Ë, ºé™Å ¬Ö þº‘òé ØÒ›æÅ, ºÖþ×ì ºé€× ƒî›æÅ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî.

À̑ױ €«™ª¦Ö ð€Òè …èãî. ¥‘¿ øÔ¿ º±ÇÖ ‡¯«íé ºé€× ƒî›€ã™ ‘«Ò‘Å. ƒ¹°¿ ½Ó¥´€°¢ Ÿí꿺‘Ñ™ —×䵑ª¥×Ñ Á±Æ‘ ×ÏŽòéîÑ. ƒ¿½Ó¥´€° Æ‘€î ³ Àѹ³ ÖÒ³ בî´±Ö Ÿíê¿ º‘Ñ™ ˆíº‘¨ —œËÆ¿ºª¨èã³.

þ‘€× À‘ת¥ ºÝ›¦è:
‚€î À€ÒÇÕèã þ‘Þ À´±, ‚ÞÆ‘Ñ €«, œ×À€Ò, º×ÑùÚø, —‘ÖÒ´±¿º‘€é þº‘òé ƒ¥›äÖ ÀÒÀÒœÑ ‡òé ºÝ›¦è ‘Ò›‘ÒÀ‘ ב⹳ ×ÏŽòéîÑ. À€ÒÇÖ ×‘âº×эè À€ÒÀÒœÑ, À€ÒƦב̴±Ö בâº×Ñè º±ÀÒœÑ ‡òñÅ ƒÏ»ÍØîÑ …èãîÑ. º±ÀÒœÑè ‚€î™¹±, þœ´³À€¥, ª¥ùª¦, â½î‘¢, œÑ™‘Ѻ± ðÓÆ ƒ¥›äÖ ×‘âŽé‘эè.

‘¥Ñ:
‚€îÀ€Ò¿º±ÇÖ …èã ºÌÀò¥Ú, ºòïÞ, œ×À€Ò, —µ¨›òéÅ, Ï›òì, ÆòãÅ, ב€À€Ò ‚ŽÆ ƒ¥›äÖ ×‘â¹³ ×ÏŽòéîÑ.

ó×Ñ:
°›è ¾ÑٍŠÀ³€Ì ‡òì —œ‘ÖÓ™—‘èŽé‘эè. Àíé ºÝ›¦€ãØ¥ µ‘ÎÅ €¥¹°×э㑍 ‘«¿º¨ŽòéîÑ. ב˗À‘Þ ƒÒ™ŽÆÅ, ƒ€œ ̝™Å ƒÆÖ½ þº‘òé é¿»€î¿ —ºíé×Ñè ƒ×эè.

½€ÒÆÑ:
‚€îÀ€Ò¿º±ÇÖ 2000 ¨Åº›è בâŽòéîÑ. ê¿º‘ —º‘èã‘¢ÇÓϹ³ çø þº‘Å ×ÞÇÖ ÿÑÙ⢝ ‡òé ƒ¥´±í ÏŽÖ À€ÒäÕÅ, À€ÒƦב̴±ÕÅ, â¿¾î‘¤ó’ÇÕÅ ƒ×эè בàŽòéîÑ.

‘¨-À€Ò ×ãÅ:
‚€î À€ÒÇò …ÆÌÅ ¥Ö Àª¥´±íþÀÖ 2000 ¦. ƒ°ò Ì›è 4000 ¦ …ÆÌ´±ÕÅ, …¢ ͨè 5000 ¦ …ÆÌ´±ÕÅ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. ¢À€Ò ¥Ö Àª¥´±ÓϹ³ 8500 ¦ ×€Ì …Æѹ³ ¶íŽé³. €À™þÖ ºèã´°‘™Žò —°íŽÖ ÀÍ™Ö À€Ò ‘«¿º¨Žé³. ƒ³ ¤œµ‘¨ º±ÇÖ 7000 ¦ …ÆÌ´±Ö ½³™Ö ‡òé ƒ¥´±Ö ‘«¿º¨Žé³.

—×èäÆ›ŽÍÀ€Ò ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò þÀí ÀíìÅ ×¥þÀí ±€œÇÖ ÿÒŽÍ À€ÒÇò —°‘¥Ñ¢Æ‘™ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. ƒ°ò Ì›è Ò ƒ¥›äÖ 5000 ¦ …ÆÌ´±Ö —°òº¨Žòéî.

ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö ‘ª¨×ãÅ Á¹³ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. ƒ°òÄÒÅ ¶€éÆ ÀÌ›è —œê¹³ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. ƒ´°€Æ —œê¹° ‘¨è Øµ‘, þ‘ÆŽ´³–Ñ, —º‘èã‘¢, …¨À€Ò¿þºª€¥ ת¥›äÖ ºÌ×Ò‘™ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî.

ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö ‘«¿º¨Å ‘¨€ã ‡ª¨¿º±ã‘¿ »Í´³èãîÑ.

1. þº‘Òźª¦¿ºèã´°‘™. þ‘ÆŽ´³–Ñ - ìב¬¢œ‘€Ò ×Þ ƒ¿ºèã´°‘™Žò †þ¥ —œÖŽé³. ƒ› ב€, Ïב€, þ×Öב€, »ÖÒÀϳ, °‘¥¢, —›€, „ª¦, —ׯþ°™, —×è㵑€, œ‘°‘þ°™ þº‘òé …Æѹ° ÀÌ›æÅ …èãî. 5000 ¦™ þÀíºª¥ º±äÖ þצ¿»ÖÒ‘, º‘Ö ×¦¤œ‘ò, ‘ª¨¿ºò€î, À€Ò™—‘ò€î µ‘› ÀÌ›æÅ ×ãѹ³èãî.

2. °‘¥Å ºèã´°‘™ - †¤œÖ, ‘ª¨ ‡ÕÁ¢€œ, —°Ì€«, ½ÖÒ‘×ÌÅ, —º‘ÌŸ, À€Ò™Žæ€×, °«™ þº‘òé ÀÌ›è ƒ› ×ãÑŽòéî.

3. ¥‘¿øÓ¿ º± - ƒ› 70 ›ÒÅ À€Ý —ºì×°‘Ö, 150 ¦ …ÆÌ ÀÌ›è ×ãÑŽòéî.

4. ‚€îÀ€Ò ‘¨è - ³«™¥Ú, —º‘èã‘¢, …¨À€Ò¿þºª€¥, ¾î¢ º±×€Ì ‘«¿º¨Žé³. ƒ› ± À€Ý —ºì×°‘Ö ‘¨è —œê¹³ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî.

5. —º‘è㢝 º± - ƒ› þ°™, ÏÀϳ, ¨™‘Ë, ‹±ÆÀÌÅ, ƒÒ×ÀÌÅ, —ºÏÄ›ŽÖ, ÖÄ›ŽÖ Á±Æ‘ …èãî.

‚ìè:
º×‘ï, —µ‘ËÆÖ, À̑ױ, òî‘ì, Ì›î‘ì, ‚ÞÆ‘ì, ìב¬ ‚ì, ºÌÅ»™ãÅ, ÿÌ‘ì, þœ‘€ÒÆ‘ì, þº‘òé€× º‘˹³ ƒ¿º±€Æ ×㿺¨´³Žòéî.

€«è
ÿÓ €«™ª¨, º‘³™‘¨ €«™ª¨, ïÆô³Ñ €«™ª¨, ê¢, —×èçÑ, ›‘µÖÕ–Ñ þº‘òé €«™ª¨ã‘Ö þ‘€×, ºÖҥŠº±äÖ 15,000 ˆ™Ñ ¶ÒÅ º‘œî ל± —ºíìèã³. À̑ױ™ ì™þ ‡ª¨ €«è ª¥¿ºª¨ 9000 ˆ™Ñ ¶ÒÅ …¨À€Ò ת¥‘Ì´±Ö º‘œîÅ —ºìŽé³.

À̑ױ ÿÑ´þ°™´±ò ÄÒÅ 40,000 ˆ™Ñ ¶ÒÅ º‘œîÅ —ºìŽé³.

ÿÑÁò ±ª¥Å:
ºÌÅ»™ãÅ - ‚ÞÆ‘ì ÿÑÁò ±ª¥´±ò â 4 ƒ¥›äÖ Áò …íº´± ¶€ÒÆ›è €À™¿ºª¨èãî. þœ‘€ÒÆ‘ì, ‚ÞÆ‘ì, œÑ™‘Ѻ± Áò¶€ÒÆ›è ÄÒÅ 200 —À‘.בª ÿÑÁòœ™± …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³.

þ×㑯 …íº´±:

þ‘€× À‘ת¥´±Ö 65 œ°Ù°Å …«Ú °‘ïÆ›è Ø€ãØ™¿º¨Žòéî. —µÖ, þ‘³€À, Å½, þâ×̐, ±€î, œ‘€À, ×̐ ðÓÆ …«Ú¿ºÇэæÅ, ³×€Ì, …æ¹³, —‘èæ, —À‘¢€œ ¥€Ò ðÓÆ °‘ïÆ›æÅ, º«¿ ºÇэã‘î ºÏ´±, ¶Ò™¥€Ò, ½€Ç€Ò, þ°›‘Ë, ב€Ý, ÏŽ, À¤œè þº‘òé€×ÉÅ —ºÏÀãÚ Ø€ãØ™¿º¨Žòéî. ºÖҥŠת¥´±Ö ºÝ×€è ±Å. þ‘€× À‘ת¥´±Ö —°ò€î Á±. ±Ï¿¾Ñ, Øµ‘ ‡ÕÁ¢€œ™Å, —º‘èã‘¢ —×íê€Ò™Å þºÑ —ºíé€×. ‚€î À€ÒÇÖ ˆÒ™‘Ë, òþ‘, Ì¿ºÑ ÀÌ›è Ø€ãŽòéî.

þ‘€×Çò —°‘ÞÖ ×ãÑ¢:

þ‘€× —°òﹱƑØò À‘ò—œø¥Ñ ‡òì ½â—ºíìèã³. ƒ› ºÏ´± Ø€ã×°í ˆíé À¯®Å ‘Ò ¶€ÒÉÅ ¶ÒÚ×°‘Ö ‚€Òè —ºÏŽî. 1888-ƒÖ þ‘ÆŽ´³–ÍÖ ø»òï› ¯¨ ÙØ› Å—ºï ÓÁ—¥ª °‘ò Ã°Ö º¤œ‘€Ò. ¨´° 20 ‚¯¨äÖ ºÒ Á֍è ×ãѹ°î. 1933-ƒÖ €º‘Ì‘ Áò …íº´± —°‘¥›ŽÆ³Å ºÒ ‚€Òè ½±°‘´ þ°‘òêî. þ‘€×ÇÖ Àª¨Å ˆé™€éÆ ìº³ ‚€Òè …èãî. ƒ³ °ØÌ ›‘µÖÕ–Ñ, ¼ãþÀ¨, «º±, …¿»Óº‘€ãÆŠðÓÆ ƒ¥›äÕÅ ºÒ ‚€Òè …èãî.

ºÏ´± »Í™Å —°‘Þ휑€Ò:
¡Õ–Ñ, ›‘µÖÕ–Ñ, ¼ãþÀ¨, ƒ¥›äÖ Àª¨Å 31 ºÏ´± »Í™Å —°‘Þ휑€Òè …èãî.

»þ㨍è:
…赑ª¦þÒþÆ »þã¨è °Æ‘Í´°³ þ‘€×°‘ò. ƒòì ‚¯¨™ 2400 ƒÒªœÅ »þã¨è …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. þ‘€×€Æ º‘Ñ´þ° Àíé À‘¶Ò›äÖ »í‘Ò´±Ö þÒœÑ »þã¨è °Æ‘Í™¿ºª¥î.

€¥œÖ ƒÆ¹±Ì —°‘Þ휑€Ò:
ƒÆ¹±ÌÅ, ³€ãǨŠƒÆ¹±Ì›è, À‘׀̙Å ƒÆ¹±Ì €¥™Ö þº‘òé ƒÆ¹±Ì´ —°‘Þí ÏØè °Æ‘Í™Å ¸–í왍«™‘î —°‘Þ휑€Òè ƒÅÀ‘ת¥Å Ãà׳Š…èãî. —ºÏÅ —°‘Þ휑€Òæ™ ì —°‘Þ휑€Òæ™Å ƒ€× ÙŽÆÀ‘î°‘Ö ƒ› —ºÏŽ ×ãѹ³èãî.

ø—ºø¥‘ø —°‘Þ휑€Ò:
²¿ºíé‘° ø—ºø¥‘ø ˜€Ìè —œËÉÅ —°‘Þ휑€Ò þ‘€×™ÏŽÖ 5 €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÖ 1953 Ã°Ö —œÆÖºª¨ ×ÏŽé³. ø—ºø¥‘ø —º‘Ïèè ƒ› …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. 3 þ‘¦ к‘Ë™‘î ƒ´—°‘ÞÓÖ 2500™ þÀíºªþ¥‘Ñ „¨ºª¨èãîÑ.

ÿ̀限ŠºÅ½è:
þ‘€× À‘ת¥´±Ö …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Å ºÅ½è ƒòì …ÒÅ Ãà׳ŠˆíìÀ± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. —œòªÍ »ÊÖ ºÅ½€ãÉÅ €°¢œ‘ѹ° ³€« …쿽€ãÉÅ °Æ‘Í™Å ¸–í왐ŠþÀíºª¥ ¶ì×î›è …èãî. ‚¯¨™ œÌ‘œÍ 7000 ºÅ½è …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî.

ºÖþ×ì þÀ‘ª¥‘Ñ —°‘Þ휑€Òè:
þ×㑯€À™Å, —°‘Þ휑€Ò™Å ´±Æ‘םÆÀ‘î þÀ‘ª¥‘Ñè ê³Å, —ºÍ³À‘î ºÒØ° צכäÖ ƒ› …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. ƒé™À± °ãÑØî‘Ö ƒ´—°‘ÞÖ ×ãÌ ×‘Ë¿½ Ž€¥´³èã³. ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö ƒÆ›Å ‰Åº³™Å þÀíºª¥ —°‘Þ휑€ÒäÖ 2 ±€Ì ±éò Ã°Ö 50 ±€Ì±éò ×€ÌÉèã þÀ‘ª¥‘Ñè …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. œÌ‘œÍÆ‘ À‘°´±í 5000 þÀ‘ª¥‘Ñè …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî.

º‘Ö …íº´±:
ƒÌ¯¥‘Å º‘Ö —ºÏ™´ ±ª¥´±ò â Ð.3 þ‘¦þÆ 70 ƒÒªœÅ —œÒØÖ ½±Æ º‘Ö º¯€«™ª¦¥Å ±é™¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ¹°¿ ½±Æ º‘Öº¯€«´ ±ª¥´±ò ÄÒÅ 500 œ››è ºÒŽòéî. µ‘è Šò왐 1,50,000 Óª¥Ñ º‘Ö …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³. ƒ±Ö 1,02,000 Øל‘Çè ºÆŽòéîÑ. ƒ±Ö „¨ºª¨è㠍‘Ö µ€¥äò ‡¯¬™€ 1,32,000.

ˆ... —À¯ª:
ƒ´—°‘Þ휑€Ò þ‘€×ÇÓϹ³ ‡ª¥‘׳ €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÖ €À¹³èã³. ƒ› 2000 þºÑ º¬Æ‘íìŽòéîÑ. À‘°Å œÌ‘œÍ 25,000 ¥ò —À¯ª …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³.

þœ‘¿½ …íº´±:
ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö …è㠝연‘Þ֍äÖ þœ‘¿½ …íº´± ÙŽÆ´³×Šב˹°³. ‚¯¨™ ŸÀ‘Ñ 25 ÒªœÅ к‘Ë —ºìÀ‘îÃèã þœ‘¿½, ºÖþ×ì ¶ì×ã‘Ö °Æ‘Í™¿º¨Žé³. ƒ³°ØÌ ƒ´—°‘ÞÕ™´ þ°€×Æ‘î þœ‘¦ÆÅ Óþª ‡òñÅ ¢œ‘¿ —º‘Ïè °Æ‘Í™Å —°‘Þ휑€Ò ŠòìÅ …èã³. ƒ³ ‚¯¨™ 500 ¥ò °Æ‘Í™Žé³.

™þ‘î‘ —°‘Þ휑€Ò:
°Áݍ Ìò ÃÆíÆ‘Ö 1955Ö ƒ´—°‘Þ휑€Ò —°‘¥›¿ºª¨ µ¥¹³ ×ÏŽé³. ƒ› €îò œÖþºª ÀíìÅ €îò €ùªþÌ‘ þ㑀̪ þº‘òé —‘Ëî‘¿ —º‘Ϫè, ï¦ò œÖþºª, ÀϹ³ þº‘òé€×ÉÅ, ƒ³°ØÌ µìÀ«´ €°Ò›æÅ …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî.

°Áݍ Ìò —°‘ÞÖ Ã°Ô¨è
°Áⵑ¨ —°‘ÞÖ ×ãÑ¢™ ÝÅ (TITCO) ƒ³×€Ì 45 —°‘Þí»Íڍ€ã´ þ°‘íìØ´³èã³. ×íêÖ º´³´ —°‘Þí»ÍÚè —º‘³´ ³€éÇò àÅ, Àíé 36 —°‘Þí»ÍÚè ˜ª¨´³€éÇò àÅ ¶ì׿ºª¨èãî. ƒ±Ö ÌŸ —°‘ÞíÝ´±ò ðԨ ŸÀ‘Ñ 600 þ‘¦ ‚Å. ƒ°î‘Ö 20,000 þºÑè þ×€Òב˿»€î¿ —ºíìèãîÑ.

1979-‚Å ‚¯¨ À‘ת¥ —°‘ÞÖ €ÀÆÅ —°‘¥›¿ºª¥ »òîÑ 10 ‚ÇÌ´±í ±À‘î ì—°‘ÞÖ €ÀÆ›è —°‘¥›¿ºª¨èãî.

1960‚Å ‚¯¨ °Ñ ŽÌ‘À´ —°‘ÞÖ ×‘ÍÆÅ …Ïב™¿ºª¥ »òîÑ »ò×ÏÅ ŽÌ‘À´—°‘Þ֍è ×ãÑ¢ —ºíì ×ÏŽòéî. þœ‘¿½, þ°‘Ö, —œ™, ‡¯—«Ë, Ÿ¯«‘Ž´ —°‘ÞÖ, þ°ð ×ãÑ¿½, ‘Ò¬ °Æ‘Í´°Ö, Àªº‘¯¥Å °¢Ÿ, —‘ÖÕ´—°‘ÞÖ, »ÌŽ—°‘ÞÖ Ã°ÓÆ€× ×ãѹ³ ×ÏŽòéî.

—°‘Þíþºª€¥è:
ê¤, ±Ï¿¾Ñ, ìÀ, —º‘èã‘¢ þº‘òé ƒ¥›äÖ —°‘Þíþºª€¥è —°‘¥›¿ºª¨èãî. ƒ°òÄÒÅ ì—°‘Þíè ×ãÌ ×‘Ë¿ºä™¿ºª¨èã³. ŸÆ—°‘ÞÖ —°‘¥›×°í ƒ´—°‘Þíþºª€¥è ƒ¥›€ã´ °¹³èã³.

—°‘ÞÖ þÀ€° ó’.¦.µ‘ɨ:
ó’.¦.µ‘ɨ ŠÏ —°‘ÞÖ Àï°Ñ Àª¨ÀÖÒ é¹° êØÆÒ‘ãÏÅ ‚בÑ. þºÏ¹³ þº‘™×Ì´€° µ¥´±Æ µ‘ɨ €° µò ½Í¹³ —‘¯¨, þÀ‘ª¥‘ÍÖ ºÒ ½±Æ ¯¨»¦¿½€ã —œË³ œ‘°€î ½Í¹°‘Ñ. ×Ñ ¯¨ »¦¿½äÖ Ò-
1. þÀ‘ª¥‘ÍÖ, þ̦þƪ¥Ï™ œÀÀ‘î ƒÆ¹±ÌÅ
2. ‡òó’ò ‹¨Åþº‘³ °ò ³¦¿€º êÉÅ ÏØ
3. þºÏ¹³ ±Ñ¢€Æ þœ‘±¿º°í‘î ƒÆ¹±ÌÅ
4. þÀÌ‘ØÖ ¦ø¥¯ª ªóø¥Ñ
5. ‹ª¨¿ º±Ú —œËÉÅ ƒÆ¹±ÌÅ
6. €é¹° Ø€Ò ×‘—î‘Ó
7. þÌ÷‘¯ª ‡òñÅ ÁòØ€œ ÀÞ¿º‘ò
8. ŠÏ ›Ò´±Ö ƒÏ¸–íêÖ ŠÏ º‘Å î ãÚèã »þ㨠ƒ³ ‹Ì‘¯¨™ ŠÏ µºÏ™ ºÆòº¨Å.

ƒ³þº‘òé 80 ×€Æ‘î ¯¨»¦¿½è. þ×㑯€ÀÇÖ ½±Æ ×€ ؀㢜€Ò …¯¥‘™™˜¦Æ µ‘ɨ ‘ª¥ò ‡òé ºÏ´± —óÑÀ¢ —œòé³. ±œÆ þœ‘㢠—œ¦, ºÏ´±¢—œ¦, —ºÍƳ׀̢—œ¦, œ¿€º ƒï¿º‘ À‘íì׳, Ø€°ÇÖÒ‘° ºÝÅ (Seedless) ב€Ý ÀÌ´³™ ¾¢ °¨¿º‘ò þº‘òé ºÒ×í€é ¯¨»¦´³ …Ґ™ ä´°‘Ñ.

À‘«×э晐 º‘Ó—¥™ï™Å, —º‘êÇÆÖ ÖÕ–ÍÉÅ …Ïב™Ž —°‘Þí½Ìª™ Ø´±ª¥‘Ñ.

—º‘èã‘¢ À‘Ó›Å:
°Áݍ —º‘Ïã‘°‘ÌÅ é™ …€Ý™Å —°‘ÞÖ þÀ€°äÖ ƒ×ÏÅ ŠÏ×Ñ. 'œ™± Ï¿ ‚¿ Å—ºïø' ‡òé €À¿»Ö ƒ×Ñ —°‘¥‘° —°‘ÞþÒ ƒÖ€Ò ‡òñÅ ãØÖ, œÑ™€Ì, ³¬, äѺ‘î›è °Æ‘Í¿º³, …Ï™‘€Ò, —œÆ퀍 €×ÌÅ, Ò‘Í, ‘Ñ ×‘›Ž Øíº³, —º‘Ïè þº‘™×Ì´³, ¥ÆÑ ½³¿»´°Ö, ÀíìÅ ºÒ Íב¯€À (Agency) äÖ Ð.200 þ‘¦ ðԪ¦Ö ºÒÏ™Å þ×€Ò ×‘Ë¿ºä´³ ×ÏŽé‘Ñ. ƒ×Ñ µ¥´± ×ÏÅ —°‘Þ֍è - ‚€îÀ€Ò ºø ¦Ì‘òøþº‘Ѫ, œ™± €ºî‘òø, ýœ‘ï§ø×Í ŸÑøÓª, º¯«‘ÍÆÅÀò ŸÑø Óª, œ™± —¥™ø€¥Öø, ýº×± —¥™ø€¥Öø, ‚€îÀ€Ò ‡òó’ïÆÍ›, µ‘¢Ã´³ º‘Ó—¥™ï™, œ™± œ‘ͦø, ÀÌÏ ‘þÒô ‚¿ —¥™î‘Òó’, œ™± ‚ªþ¥‘—À‘€ºÖø, ‚€îÀ€Òø Φ—̦›, µÖÒô³ Ú¯¥Ñ À‘Ó›Å ÖÕ–Í Ã°Óƀ׍㑐Å.

ó’.‚Ñ. °‘þÀ‘°Ìò, ƒ×Ñ €Ò™±Ñ ‡òŽé À‘°ƒ°â ÄÒÅ êØÆÖ °Áâ ×ãѹ³ ×¹°‘Ñ. ƒ×Ñ —œò€î¿ºÖ€Ò™Ý´ ³€« þ×¹°Ì‘ ƒÏÃ€é ƒÏ¹°×Ñ.

¦.‡ø. Øµ‘Ó›Å —œª¦Æ‘Ñ - ƒ×Ñ Ö؁€À¢œÌ‘ ƒÏ¹°þº‘³ ŽÌ‘À›æ™ ÖØ€Æ ‡¨´³¢—œòé×Ñ. Àíé þ‘€× µÌ¿ »ÌÍэè þ‘€× ËƑô³ þ°‘ÝÑ º‘Ò°¯¥‘É°Å, µÖÒ þœî‘±º± œÑ™€Ì Àò鑦ƑÑ, . Ÿ¿»ÌÀ¬ÆÅ, Ì›µ‘ƍÅ, ‡ø. þÀ‘ò À‘ÌÀ›ÒÅ, óø¦ø. ‡ø. þÀ‘ò, ½³€À¿»´°ò, ×™À‘Ñ, þ.ˆ. À±Æݍò, …¨À€Ò µ‘Ì‘Æ™Ø, þ‘€× —œÞÆò ðÓþÆ‘Ñ.

±Ï¿¾Ñ:
ƒ› …íº´±—œËÆ¿º¨Å »òîÖ ‚€¥è …赑ª¦ÕÅ —×䵑ª¦ÕÅ —ºÏÅ ×Ìþ×퀺 —ºíé€×. ºÏ´± »Í´—°¨™Å —°‘Þ휑€Òè 35 ƒÏ™Žòéî. ‚¯¨™ 25 þ‘¦ к‘Ë À±¿½èã …èã‘€¥è …íº´±Æ‘Žòéî. ºïÆò —°‘ÞÖ ×ãÑ¢™ —°òï¹±Æ ºïÆò …íº´±Æ‘ãÑ œ›Å ÆÌ‘³ º‘¨ºª¨ ×ÏŽé³. ƒ±Ö 5000 …ì¿»îÑè …èãîÑ.

þ. ºÝ‘Á, ‡ø. ƒÌ‘Àœ‘Á, . µ‘Ì‘Æ«œ‘Á ‚ŽÆ —°‘ÞÖ þÀ€°ã‘Ö ¶ªþÀ™ ƒÆ¹±ÌÅ ¯¨»¦™¿ºª¥¿»é ƒ´—°‘ÞÖ —ºÏÅ ×ãÑ¢ Æ€¥¹³èã³. ƒ°í‘î ƒÆ¹±Ì›è þ‘€×ÇþÒþÆ °Æ‘Í™¿º¨Žòéî. ƒ°ò œ‘ѽ´ —°‘ÞÒ‘¢ œÒ€× —°‘ÞÕÅ, ª€¥¿—ºª¦è °Æ‘Í¿º³Å µ¥™Žé³. ƒ°í‘þ× ºÒ ¢œ›è ¶ì׿ºª¥î. ŸÀ‘Ñ 2000 ¶ì×î›è ºïÆò —°‘ÞÓÖ „¨ºª¨èãî. …èã‘€¥è, œ‘™ø, €´°ê —µœÚ (°Ñ) ÙŽÆÀ‘ µ¥¹³ ×ÏŽé³.

ŽÒ ƒ¹±Æ ‘± ÀíìÅ ŽÌ‘À´—°‘ÞÖ ¶ì×îÅ, €Æ‘Ö —œËÆ¿º¨Å ‘Ž°Å ÀíìÅ Ÿ´°À‘î ‡¯—«Ë °Æ‘Í™Å —°‘ÞÕÅ ±Ï¿¾ÍÖ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. ±Ï¿¾Ñ ‘± ×ø±Ì‘ÒÆ´±ò °€Ò€ÀÇ¥À‘ ±Ï¿¾Ñ ƒÏ™Žé³.

±Ï¿¾Ï™ þÀÕÅ é¿½ —œËÉÅ —°‘ÞÒ‘ —×䵑¨æ™‘î ‚€¥ ˆíìÀ± —°‘ÞÖ —ºÏÅ ×ãÑ¢ —ºíì ×ÏŽé³. ƒ¹±Æ‘ØÓϹ³ ˆíìÀ± —œËÆ¿º¨Å ‚€¥äÖ ‘Ö œ°Ù°Å ƒ›ŽÏ¹þ° µ¥™Žé³ ‡òº³ —ºÏ¤é¿º‘Å.

±Ï¿¾Ï™ þÀÕÅ é¿½ - ب°€Ò¿þº‘ÍÖ '—‘¦ ‘´° ÀÌò »é¹° À¯ ‡òºþ° ‚Å.

ºÖÒ¥Å:
Øל‘ÆÃÅ, €´°êÉþÀ ƒÜÛÍò ÙŽÆ—°‘Þ֍è. ƒ› ½€Ç€Ò °Æ‘Í™¿º¨Žé³. °Áⵑ¨ ÌŸ, À‘±Íþ°‘Ö º°ï¨Å ¶€ÒÆÅ Šò€é €À´³ ƒ´—°‘ÞÕ™ †™Àä´³ ×ÏŽé³. ºÖÒ¥´³ —ºÏÀ™è - ½ÖÒ‘›ÝÖ Ø´×‘ò, œ¤ž×Ì‘Ü, ºÖҥŠÀ‘¬™Å, ºÖҥŠô³™ÀÌò ðÓþÆ‘Ñ ê¿»¥´°™×эè.

þÀª¨¿º‘€ãÆÅ
1956-‚Å ‚¯¨ øÙø µ‘ª¨ Š´³€Ý¿½¥ò —œÆ퀍 €×Ì´ —°‘Þ휑€Ò ¶ì׿ºª¥³. ºÖþ×ì —°‘Þҍ›ªÅ þ°€×¿º¨Å —œÆ퀍 €×Ì™íè ƒ› °Æ‘Í™¿º¨Žòéî. ê¿º‘ Áòœ‘Ì Âª¥Ñæ™Å, €™ ¦‘Ì›æ™Å ƒ€× ƒòêÆ€ÀÆ‘°€×. µ‘—ã‘ò왐 40 ŽþÒ‘ —œÆ퀍 €×Ì™ íè …íº´±Æ‘Žòéî. þÀª¨¿º‘€ãÆ´±Ö …Ì´ —°‘Þ휑€Ò, ¯«‘¦´ —°‘Þ휑€Ò, Áò ³¬ œÒ€×, ƒ×íþ鑨 —×íê€Ò™ —‘¦™‘ÕÅ ƒÜÛÏ™¢ é¿½¢ —œËŽòéî.

—º‘èã‘¢:
—º‘èã‘¢ œ¹€° ½â—ºíé³. ƒ› ÅºÑ œÑ™‘´ —°‘Þҍ´±Ö ‚¯¨™ ŸÀ‘Ñ ƒÒªœÅ œÑ™‘™è …íº´±Æ‘Žòéî. —º‘èã‘¢ þÀíþ 13 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ ‚ÞÆ‘ì €ÌÇÖ ‚ÞÆ‘ì þº¿ºÑ ÁÖ 1984 Ã°Ö …íº´±€Æ´ —°‘¥›ŽÉèã³. ºÒ°Ì¿ºª¥ ‘Ž°›è ‚¯—¥‘ò왐 500 ¥ò ×€Ì …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. ƒ±Ö 600™Å þÀíºªþ¥‘Ñ º¬Æ‘íìŽòéîÑ.

‘¨º¨ —º‘Ïèè —º‘èã‘¢ÇÖ ¶Ìź™Ž€¥™Žòéî. ºÏ´± »Í´—°¨™Å ‚€Òè 25 …èãî. ³¬ ÀíìÅ —̦þÀª ‚€¥è ØÆ‘º‘ÌÅ —ºÏÀãØÖ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

ƒÜÛÏ™ Àí—é‘Ï —ºÏ€À —°‘ÞÒ±ºÑ —º‘èã‘¢ À‘Ó›Å ƒÜۀ̙ œ‘ѹ°×Ñ ‡òº°‘Å.

Øµ‘:
Øµ‘ †Ì‘ª ŠòêÆ´ °€ÒµÑ. Øµ‘ þ‘ØÖ ½â—ºíé³. ×ÌÒ‘íì é¿½ Á¹°³. —ºÏÀãÚ ºÏ´±ÉÅ, ‹ÌãÚ ÏŽŠ—µÖÕŠ؀ãŽé³. ìÀÇÖ Øøþ‘ø ÓÁ—¥ª ‡òé —ÌÆ‘ò —°‘Þ휑€Ò €À™¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ³ ƒ¹±Æ - ƒ´°‘Ó µ‘¨äò ˜ª¨ ÃÆíÆ‘Ö …Ïב™¿ºª¥³. ƒ› øþ¥»è €ººÑ °Æ‘Ì‘Žé³. 1000 þÀíºªþ¥‘Ñ º¬Æ‘íìŽòéîÑ.

ñ¿ºÅº‘€ãÆÅ:
±Ï¿¾Ñ Ïþ …èã³ ƒÜÛÑ. ñ¿ºÅº‘€ãÆ´€°¢ ŸíêÉèã ŽÌ‘À›äÖ —µ¨›‘ÒÀ‘þ× º‘´±Ì›è °Æ‘Í™¿º¨Žòéî. ƒ› ‚¯—¥‘ò왐 150 ¥òñ™ þÀÖ º‘´±Ì›è °Æ‘Í™¿ºª¨ ºÒ ƒ¥›æ™ ñ¿º¿º¨Žòéî.

…¨À€Ò¿þºª€¥:
ºÝïÀ€Ò, ‚€îÀ€Ò, ±ÏÄÑ´±À€Ò ‚ŽÆ À€Òæ™ †þ¥ ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö ƒÜÛÑ …¨À€Ò¿þºª€¥ ‡î¿º¨Žé³. ¥Ö Àª¥´±ÓϹ³ 400  …ÆÌ´±Ö …èã³. ƒÜÛÍÖ …Ì´—°‘Þ휑€Ò Áòœ‘Ì þÀ‘ª¥‘Ñ ºÅ½ …íº´±, ‘Ž° ‚€Ò Šòì, æþ‘ø °Æ‘Í™Å ¶ì×îÅ, À̑ױ ˜ª¨éÚ œÑ™€Ì ‚€Ò, ¸–Ö ‚€Ò, ºÏ´± €Ì™Å ‚€Ò þº‘òé€× …èãî. ƒÆ퀍 ‡ÞÖ Á™ À̑ױ€« ƒ› ª¥¿ºª¨èã³. é¹° ±€Ì¿º‘¥Ò‘ÍÆÏÅ, º´°êÚ º‘¥Ö€ã ƒÆíêÆ×ÏÀ‘î …¨À€Ò µ‘Ì‘Æ«™Ø ƒÜÛÍ€î¢ œ‘ѹ°×Ñ ‡òº³ ƒÜÛÏ™ Àí—é‘Ï é¿º‘Å.

±ÏÃÏ™ò ¾¯¦:
±Ï¿¾ÍÖ ÏŽÖ …èã³ ƒÜÛÑ. ƒ³ º‘¥Ö —ºíé°ÒÅ ‚Å. ƒ› Ö, —œÅ½ €Òè —œËÉÅ —°‘ÞÖ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. ºÒ—×ä µ‘¨æ™Å ƒÜÛÑ €Òè ˆíìÀ± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî.

»é †Ñè:
þº‘´°ñ–Ñ ƒÌÇÖþ× —°‘Þ휑€Ò Ãò½ ƒÏ¹°³. þ‘€×™ ÏŽÖ ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö þ‘€×Çò ×ãÑ¢€Æ —º‘ì´þ° ƒ¹µÌÃÅ ×ãÏŽé³. ½¹± - …¨À€Ò™ 14 Ž-Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒ› µÖÒþ°ò Ž€¥™Å.

þœ‘ÀבѺª¦ - €´°ê—µœÚ, Øל‘ÆÅ é¿º‘ …èã³. œ›Ì‘Ì‘ÀµÖÕ–Ñ - €´°ê —µœÚ, Øל‘ÆÅ, þ‘ÇÖ é¿½ …èã †Ñ. ±ÏÄÑ´±þ‘ÇÖ - 3000 ¦ …ÆÌ´±Ö …èã³. ŸíìÒ‘´ °ÒÅ.
òñ–Ñ - †Ì‘ª ŠòêÆ´ °€Ò€ÀÇ¥À‘ …èã³. þ‘ØÖ, Øל‘ÆÅ, €´°ê é¿º‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.
Ï´°‘źª¦ - ŽÏø°× é¿½ …èã †Ñ
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—À‘¯¦¿º‘€ãÆÅ - Øµ‘™ 12 €ÀÖ …èã³. —×›¥ÌÀ« œ‘Á þ‘ØÖ ½â—ºíé³.
þœÊÑ - º€ÝÆ þ‘ØÒ‘Ö ½â—ºíé³
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—×èçÑ - ×ÌÒ‘íì é¿½Á™ †Ñ
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—°Õ›º‘€ãÆÅ - ‡ÕŽ ÃêÚ Ž¢€œ™¿½â—ºíé³.
‚€îÀ€Ò - ‚€îÀ€Ò¿ º± þ°Ç€Ò …íº´±Çò ÄÒ †íì ‡îÒ‘Å. À´±Æ Ìò þ°Ç€Ò ‚ËÚ˜¥Å …èã³.
בֺ‘€é - ‘¿», òþ‘î‘, ˆÒ™‘Ë, þº‘òé€× ƒ› Á±Æ‘ Ø€ãŽòéî.