—ºÆÑ ×ÌÒ‘ì:
×—ºÏÀ‘€î €¥×°í‘ òïÆ‘ º‘Ñ×± ¶òé ÀîÇò ‘Ì«À‘ 'òïÆ‘ÀÍ' ‡òì €Ý™¿ºª¥³. ÀÍ ¯¥Å Þ¹° »é, ›ŽÏ¹³ ×¹° —º¯ °ò µ‘ƍñ™‘ ‘´±Ï¹° ƒ¥Å ‡òé —º‘ÏäÕÅ ƒ¿—ºÆÑ ˆíºª¦Ï™Ò‘Å ‡òº³ ê£Ñè Ï´³.

—º‘³ Ø×Ì›è:
À‘ת¥´±ò °€ÒµÑ µ‘Ñþ‘ØÖ.
À‘ת¥ ºÌ¿ºãÚ 1,684,4 œ.Ž.Â;
À™è —°‘€ 16,00,349 þºÑè. ‚¯è: 8,03,839; —º¯è: 7,96,510; ‡à´°êÚ: 11,48,778; 1994 ó•€Ò À‘°Å Ã°Ö Ãà ‡à´°êÚ —ºíé À‘ת¥À‘ êØ™¿ºª¨èã³.

À€ÝÆãÚ œÌ‘œÍ 1,456 Á.Â;
‘¨è: 48,250 —ù™—¥Ñ;
œ‘€ÒÇò ÿãÅ: 2,516 Ž.Â;

×›Žè: 115; ‘×Ö ¶€ÒÆ›è 30. ¤œÒ›è 260; —°‘€Òþºè: 21,074,
±€ÌÆÌ›è 32; º±Ú —ºíé בî›è: 35,328; ²Æ€«¿½ ¶€ÒÆ›è: 6, ÌŸ ÀÏ´³×À€îè: 7; ‚Ìź Ÿ‘°‘Ì ¶€ÒÆ›è: 36; ³€éÍÅ: ã¢œÖ. ºèäè: 701, ÖՖ͍è: 16.

…è㑪 ¶ì×è:

µÌ‘ªè- 4, (µ‘Ñþ‘ØÖ, º´Àµ‘º½ÌÅ, ã¢œÖ, Þ´³€é);
µÍÆÅ-1 (òïÆ‘ÀÍ);
†Ì‘ª ŠòêÆÅ - 9; þºÐÌ‘ªè - 67; †Ì‘ª-88.

œª¥œ€º —°‘±è: 7 (òïÆ‘ÀÍ, µ‘Ñþ‘ØÖ, ã¢œÖ, º´Àµ‘º½ÌÅ, ±Ïת¥‘Ñ, Øã×›þ‘¨, ŽèäÊÑ.

µ‘¥‘æÀòé —°‘±-1 (µ‘Ñþ‘ØÖ).

×Þº‘ª¦¥›è:

òïÆ‘ÀÍ- º×±ÆÅÀò; Ÿž¹±ÌÅ- °‘®À‘€ÒÆò þ‘ØÖ; µ‘Ñþ‘ØÖ- µ‘Ì‘ó‘ þ‘ØÖ, ù±Íþ°‘¿½- €×¯¥œ‘Á ËÆ‘, ±Ïת¥‘Ñ- ‚±þœ×¿ —ºÏÀ‘è; þ‘ª¥‘ì- œþ×ÍÆ‘Ñ þ‘ØÖ. °™€Ò- £‘ï ¼ÑÍÀ³ À¡±.

ºòï—̯¨ ×‘ÒÆ›è:

±ÏÀ€Ò, ±™Í¢, ±Ï¿ºÌ¿½, ±Ïµ¹±™€Ì, —º‘òÀ€î, ºò‘™Å, ÖãÅ, þÀÒ‘›þ‘¨, ±ÏØ€¥™þ‘¨, ±ÏØ°‘›þ‘¨, ±Ï¿ºòê™þ‘¨, ±Ïµª¥‘ÒÅ ‡òé 12 ×‘ÒÆ›è ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö …¯¨. ×Ì‘´±Í òì º™°Ñè ƒ¢×‘ÒÆ›€ã þµ‘™Ž …¢œÍ´³™ —‘¯þ¥ ‹¨×Ñ. °í '×‘ÒÆÅ ‹¨×³' ‡òì —ºÆÑ. €¥Æ‘ °‘®À‘ÒÆ€î ׫›×³ ×Ý™Å.

À‘ת¥´±Ö ê¿»¥´°™þ‘Ñ:

—°‘֍‘¿»ÆÑ, °›þ‘ª¥‘œ‘ò, ±Ï×èæ×Ñ þº‘òé ºÝ›‘Ò °Á⠁ê£ÑæÅ, ƒ™‘Ò´±Ö ØÀ¬ þ° ص‘ƍŻè€ã, ¸–ì ×°‘€ã —œË° œ°‘×°‘ï —œË´°Å» º‘×ÒÑ, ¦.þ. ‡ø. œþ‘°Ìэè, þ°‘ÝÑ ó“בÅ, €Òב«Ñ ‡ò.‡ø.ŽÏö«ò, þºÌ‘ º‘. µ¥Ì‘œò, µ‘¤Ö ÀþÌò þº‘òþé‘Ñ Ã™ŽÆÀ‘î×эè.

×ÌÒ‘íêÖ òïÆ‘ÀÍ:

×¥ þ×›¥Å Ã°Ö —°ò ÀÍ ×€ÌÉèã º±, °Áâ ˜ìÅ µÖÕҍŠ‡òì
—°‘֍‘¿»Æ´±í Ãòñ€Ì ×Ý›ŽÆ °›þ‘ª¥‘œ‘ò ê¿»¨Žé‘Ñ. Ž.Ã. 3‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö ƒÏ¹° ˆÌ‘´ þ°‘îø ‡òé ÆÖµ‘ª¨¿ ºÆ¬ ÀÍÃ€î¿ ºíê™ ê¿»ª¨èã‘Ñ. Ž.». Ã°Ö ƒÌ¯¥‘Å ¸–í鑯¨äÖ ×‘â¹° —ºÍ½çø, °‘ÒÁ ƒ¿º± ºíê °À³ ¸–֍äÖ ê¿»ª¨èãîÑ. À³€Ì —°‘¥›Ž ÀÍ ×€ÌÉèã º± 'º‘¯¦ À¯¥Ò'À‘ ƒÏ¹°³. °î‘Ö ƒ¿º±
º‘¯¦Æэã‘Ö ‚㿺ª¨ ×¹°³. ƒ°í‘î œ‘òìã‘ ‘ª¥™˜¦Æ †Ñè: º‘¯¦Æò €«, º‘¯¦Æò ‘ÖבË, ¾°¿º‘¯¦, ÝŽÆ º‘¯¦Æ½ÌÅ ‡òé —ºÆэã‘Ö …챿º¨´°¿º¨Žé³. º‘¯¦Æ þºÌÌŸ €Ò¹° »òîÑ ƒ¿º± Äò鑍´ ±â¹°³. 1) ½é´°‘Æ µ‘¨ (òïÆ‘ÀÍÉÅ °ò Ÿí쿽雍æÅ þœÑ¹° º±) 2) µ‘¤Ö µ‘¨ (´²ø×ÌÅ, þ°‘ב€ã ת¥›äÖ ½é´°‘Æ µ‘¨ ÿ›ã‘î º±) 3. þ׫‘¨ (ÖãÅ, Øã×›þ‘¨) ‡òñÅ ƒÏ ת¥›€ãÉÅ —‘¯¥³. ðґŠƒÌ‘œÌ‘œ þœ‘Ýò ‚ª™ ‘Ò´±Ö °ÁݍŠÃà׳Šþœ‘ÝÌ‘ª™ …ªºª¥ þ×€ãÇÖ ƒ¿º±ÉÅ þœ‘ÝÌ‘ªÇò â ×¹°³. þœÌµ‘ª¦ò º‘øÌ ÌØ€Æ þ°‘íþé‘¥¢ —œË³, ×ò ¿ºíº€¥€Æ´ ²Çª¨ —º‘Ÿ™Žî‘ò ƒÌ‘óÌ‘óò. °î‘Ö ƒÌ‘œÌ‘œ þœ‘Ýñ™ 'þÌ㑹°ò' (þÌãñ™ ‡Àò) ‡òé ºª¥¿—ºÆÑ ˆíºª¥³. þœ‘Ýэäò Ö—ת¨ µ‘°œ‘Á þ‘ÇÓÖ Ž€¥™Žé³. ƒ³°ØÌ, ÃÅæ¢ þœ‘ݽÌÅ, þœ‘Ý þÌã½ÌÅ, Ì‘ó µ‘Ì‘Æ« œ³Ñþ×± À›ÒÅ, Ÿ¹°Ì þœ‘Ýœ³Ñþ×± À›ãÅ þº‘òé †Ñäò —ºÆэè þœ‘ÝÌ‘ª™ œ‘ò鑐Å. µ‘¤Ö µ‘ª¨ ×ãÅ- µ‘Æ™Ñã‘Ö ºÒÃ€é —‘è€ãÇ¥¿ºª¥³. ±¿½ ŸÖ°‘ïò º€¥—ƨ¿€ºÉÅ ƒ¿º± ¯¦Ï™Žé³. 1729 Ã°Ö 1949 ×€Ì ƒ¿º± ±ÏØ°‘›˜Ñ ÀòîÌ‘ªÇÖ ƒÏ¹³ ×¹°³. 1945 ƒÏ¹³ 1956 ×€Ì ÀÍ À‘ת¥ °ÁÝэè þº‘Ì‘¦, Ò º±€ã¿ —ºíì °Áⵑª¨¥ò ƒ€«¹°îÑ.

òïÆ‘ÀÍ À‘ת¥Å »é¹° €°: 1949™¿ »òîÑ ±Ïב›˜Ñ-—‘¢ Ìò â °ÁÝэäò µÒòè ½é™¬™¿ºª¥³. ‰™ŽÆ þÌã´±ò â òïÆ‘ÀÍ À‘ת¥Å Ãà×€°ÉÅ þœÑ¿º°í À€ÒÆ‘äè ÃÆòéîÑ. 1945Å ‚¯¨ Ã°Ö —À‘Þ€Æ €×´³ °Áâ þºŸÅº±è °Áⵑª¨¥ò ƒ€«™¿º¥ þׯ¨Å ‡òì °ÁÝэè þº‘Ì‘¥ ‚ÌÅ»´°îÑ.
1945 ‚Å ‚¯¨ ±Ïב›˜Ñ °ÁÝÑ …Í€À¿ º‘³‘¿½ à €À™¿ºª¥³. àØÖ ».‡ø. À¬, ƒÌ‘. þ×Ò‘É°Å, þ.µ‘Ó›Å, ‘¹±Ì‘Àò, ‚Ñ.þ. Ì‘Å, ô€°Æ‘, À‘Ñ™¯¥ò ‚ŽþÆ‘Ñ ÃòÃÆíÇÖ ‡ø. µ´°‘ïþÆÖ °€Ò€ÀÇÖ ŽÒ ±Ïב›˜Ñ´ °ÁÝÑ ‘›ŽÌø ‡òé €À¿»€î´ þ°‘íìØ´°îÑ. »òîÑ ±Ï´°Å —œËÆ¿—ºíì ±Ïב›˜Ñ °Áⵑ¨ ‘›ŽÌø ‡î¿ —ºÆÑ À‘íéÅ —ºíé³. °×€¥¿½, Ï¿½™ —‘¦ †Ñ×ÒÅ ‡òŽé ÀéÇÖ °ÁÝÑ é×Þ¿ þº‘Ì‘ª¥´€°´ —°‘¥›ŽîÑ. ƒ¹±Æ ب°€Ò™ »òîÑ ±ÏØ°‘›˜ÍÖ þÌ㠍‘›ŽÌø ‚ª —°‘¥›ŽÆ³. 1948 þ°Ñ°ÓÖ 4 ת¥›äÖ —×íê —ºíéîÑ °ÁÝÑ. ºª¥Å °‘®¿»è€ã ðÖ×Ì‘ ƒÏ¹° ƒ¹° ‘Ò™ ª¥´±Ö °ÁÝэè ³ ³¿º‘™Ž¢ ¡¨ µ¥´±¿ ºÒ€Ì™ —‘òéîÑ. ºÒÑ Â³ ×Ý™è þº‘¥¿ºª¥î. ±Ïב›˜Ñ-—‘¢ Ì‘ôÆ ƒ€«¿€º ‡±Ñ´³ þµœÀ¬ þº‘Ì‘ª¥Å µ¥´±î‘Ñ. 1954 ‚øª 11Å µ‘è ب°€Ò µ‘㑍 Ï°¿ºª¨ é¿þº‘Ì‘ª¥›€ã µ¥´±îÑ. —°‘¨×ª¦ÇÕÅ, À‘Ñ´°‘¯¥´±ÕÅ ³¿º‘™Ž¢ ¡ª¦Ö ºÒ °ÁÝÑè …ÇÍݹ°îÑ. 1955ƒÖ µÅ»™€ÇÖÒ‘´ ²ÑÀ‘îÅ ¶€éþ×íê ºª¥Å °‘®¿»è€ãÇò ‚ª™ Ø♍¿ºª¥³.
°ÁÝэ聱À‘ ב⹳ ×¹° º±è: þ°‘ב€ã, ´²ø×ÌÅ, ÖãÅ, Øã×›þ‘¨, —œ›þ‘ª€¥, —µËÆ‘í雍€Ì þ°Ø™ãÅ,¼ÑþÀ¨, ´³–Ñ ×ª¥›€ã °Áâ µ‘ª¨¥ò þœÑ™ þׯ¨—Àòì þׯ¨þ‘€ã 1955 ™þ¥‘ºÑ 10 ‚Å µ‘è ƒ¹±Æ Ì¥Å ä´°îÑ. ‚î‘Ö ƒ¹±Æ Ìþœ‘ þ°Ø™ãÅ, ¼ÑþÀ¨, ´³–Ñ, —µËÆ‘í雍€Ì º± ÿ›Ò‘ Àíé º±€ã ƒ€«´³ òïÆ‘ÀÍ À‘ת¥Å …Ïבî³. ƒ°í‘î œª¥ ×€ÌÚ 1956 ‚Å ‚¯¨ —œò€î œª¥œ€ºÇÕÅ, ƒ¹±Æ º‘Ì‘æÀòé´±ÕÅ ¶€éþ×í鿺ª¥³.
°ÁÝÍò º‘ÌźÍÆ º±è ƒÝ¹°°ò בÇÒ‘ —ºÍÆ‘Ñ, ìב¬, ÀíìÅ …èã ‚ìè °Áݍ Øל‘Æ´±í Ž€¥™‘ÀÖ Ù«‘ Ì»™¥ÓÖ Ò¿º€° ƒòìÅ ‘«Ò‘Å.

òïÆ‘ÀÍ:

À‘ת¥´±ò ‡Ö€Òè: ×¥™ŽÕÅ, ŽÝ™ŽÕÅ ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥Å. þÀíŽÖ þÌãÃÅ; —°íŽÖ ƒ¹³À‘ ¥ÕÅ ‡Ö€Òã‘ €À¹³èãî.

ƒ¹±Æ‘Øò —°òþ‘¦ ÀîÆ‘ ‘ªÆ䙎é³. ƒÜÛÍþÒþÆ ‘€ÒÇÖ
¡ÍþÆ‘°Æ´€°ÉÅ, À‘€ÒÇÖ À€é€×ÉÅ ¯¨ ä™Ò‘Å. ´Ì‘ —ºãÑ«ÁÆòì ¡ÍÆò À€é×€°ÉÅ œ¹±Ìò —ºÍÆ º¹³ þº‘Ò´ þ°‘òì×€°ÉÅ þ×ì ‡›Å ‘« æƑ³. ƒ¹³À‘™ ¥Ö, ×›‘ã Ø͐¥‘, Ì»¥Ö ƒ€× ÄòìÅ œ›ÀÀ‘׳ ƒ›°‘ò. ÀÍ´ ³€éÇÖ …è㠍òïÆ‘ÀÍÇò þ‘ØÖ º‘Ñ™´°™³. ¥Ö µ¨ØÖ …èã º‘€é
Øþ׍‘î¹°Íò ¶€îÚ¿ º‘€é ‡òì €Ý™¿º¨Žé³. 1892 ‚Å ‚¯¨ Ÿ×‘Á Øþ׍‘î¹°Ñ ƒ› ×¹³ ýº‘° º‘€éÇÖ êÚ Ø㙍Š—ºíì —œò逰 ¶€îÚ ˜ìŠׯ«Å ƒ› 1970 ‚Å ‚¯¨ ¶€îÚ À¯¥ºÅ ª¥¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ³ þº‘Òþ× ‘¹±Æ¯«Óò ø± €Ì™¿ºª¥€° ¶€îÚ ˜ìŠׯ«Å, ×¥ ƒ¹±Æ º‘¬ÇÖ ƒ› À¯¥ºÅ ª¥¿ºª¨èã³. ¯«‘Øò »é¹° µ‘ã‘î ™þ¥‘ºÑ 2¹ þ°± ¡ÍÆ Šä ƒ›èã
À¯¥º´±Ö Øàź¦ ª¥¿ºª¨èã³. µ‘°œ‘Á þ‘ÇÖ º€Ý€ÀÆ‘î°‘Å. ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ ƒÌ‘œÌ‘œò ‘Ò´³ Ö—ת¨™è Ž€¥´³èãî. ¨´³ º‘Ñ™ þׯ¦Æ³ ÌŸ Ïō‘ª œ‘€Ò. Ò›€Ì Ø㙍´±ÓϹ³ ƒÆ퀍 ‘ª€ãÉÅ, ¥í‘ª€ãÉÅ ‘«Ò‘Å.

µ‘Ñþ‘ØÖ:

òïÆ‘ÀÍÇÓϹ³ 19 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ €À¹³èã³. À‘ת¥´±ò °€ÒµÌ‘ÚÅ ƒÏ™Žé³. ƒ›èã µ‘Ì‘ó‘ þ‘ØÖ º‘Ñ™´°™³. ƒ°ò בÇÓò Í¿½ žî ÀéÇÖ €À¹° ؍‘Ì›è —ºã´° º‘¬€Æ™ ‘¯»™Žé³. ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÕèã ³–¯äÖ œÀ« ²Ñ´°›Ñã‘î À‘ÙÌÑ, º‘џ׵‘°Íò …Ï×›€ã™ ‘«Ò‘Å. µ‘Ì‘ó‘þ× Ã™ŽÆ ¥Úè. ƒ™þ‘ØÖ Ã퍑Ҵ±Ö œÀ«™ þ‘ÇÒ‘ ƒÏ¹±Ï™Å ‡òº³ ê£Ñè æÚ. µ‘Ñþ‘ØÖ µÌ‘ª 1900 ‚Å ‚¯¥ãØÖ ˆíºª¥³. ƒ¹µÌ‘ªÇò º±è ×¥þœÍ, צÙø×ÌÅ, þ‘ª¥‘ì, ŠàŽîþœÍ ‚ŽÆ º±€ã …è㥙ŽÆ³. ºÒ ÖØ ¶€ÒÆ›è ÀÏ´³×À€î, þº‘™×Ì´±íÅ €ÀÆÀ‘ ƒÏ™Žòé³. À‘ת¥´ °€ÒµÌ‘î°‘Ö —°‘ÞÖ, ׬ ¶€ÒÆÀ‘ÚÅ Ø㛎 ×ÏŽé³.

ŸíìÒ‘ ƒ¥›è:

Ÿž¹±ÌÅ:

òïÆ‘ÀÍÓϹ³ 13 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ €À¹³èã³. °‘®À‘ÒÆò þ‘ØÖ ‡òì €Ý™¿º¨Žé³. °Áݍ¿ —ºÏ›þ‘Ø֍äÖ ƒ³ ÙŽÆ ƒ¥´€°¿ —ºíìèã³. 135 ¦ …ÆÌÃèã þ‘½ÌÃÅ ‡à¶€Ò À‘¥ÃÅ …€¥Æ³. ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ þœ‘Ý, þœÌ, º‘¯¦Æ, ØóÆ µÌ Àòîэäò Ö—ת¨è ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. ƒ¹µ‘Ö×ÏÅ ±Ï¿º¬ —œË³èãîÑ. ƒ™þ‘ØÖ 9‚Å ¸–í鑯¦ò —°‘¥™´±Ö ª¥¿ºª¥—°î Ö—ת¨ ˜ìŽé³. Ò›‘Ì À¯¥º´±ò ˜€Ì ŠþÌ ÖÒ‘Ò‘î³. ƒÅÀ¯¥ºÅ íº¢ é¿½€¥Æ³. ƒÌ‘œÌ‘œþœ‘Ýò ‘Ò´±Ö ª¥¿ºª¥³. ×—ºÏÀ‘è (°‘®): À‘Ö (Øö®); Æò (»ÌÅÀ‘) ‚ŽÆ Äòì €ÒæÅ Šòêò þÀÖ Šò鑍 €À¹±Ï¿º°‘Ö, °‘® À‘ÒÆ¿ —ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ÇÖ ‡òì €Ý™¿º¨Žé³. þ‘ØÓÕè㠁ñÀ‘Ñ €Ò 18 ¦ …ÆÌÅ …€¥Æ³. ƒ›èã ±ÏÀ€Ò µ‘Æ™Ñ צ״±Ö ‘«¿º¨Å íº´±ò Ä™ŽÖ —×ä×ÏÅ ãÚ ¸ªºÀ‘ —œ³™¿ºª¨è〰™ ¯¨ä™Ò‘Å. µ‘ª¦Æ µ›€, —×íê€Ò À¦´³´ °ÏÅ À›€, €¥»¦´° ª¥ÝŽ þº‘òé €Òè …ÇÑ …èã€× þº‘òì ƒÏ™Å. ƒ³°ØÌ, †¤œÖ À¯¥ºÅ, ´±Ìœ€º, ל¹° À¯¥ºÅ, —ׯÖÒ‘Ò‘î µ¹±, —ºÍÆ ‚¤œþµÆÑ, þ«œò ±ÏÚÏ×Å, º‘€×¿ —º¯äò ÍÆ €Ò צכè, ƒ¹±Ìïò €° ˜ìÅ Ÿ×þÌ‘ØÆ›è þº‘òé€× ‘«´°™€×.

…°ÆŽÍ þ‘ª€¥:

À‘Ñ´°‘¯¥ ×ÑÀ‘ (1729-1758) ‘Ò´±Ö ƒ™þ‘ª€¥ ª¥¿ºª¥³. ƒ™þ‘ª€¥ÇÖ ³¿º‘™Ž בѿº°í‘î —°‘Þ휑€Ò ƒÏ¹°³. ƒ› ¦Òî‘Ë ‡òé ¥¢Ÿ ÙÌÑ À‘Ñ´°‘¯¥ ×ÑÀ‘ º€¥ÇÖ þœÑ¹³, …赑ª¨ ÙÌэ晐 º€¥ºÇíÆä´³ ×¹°‘Ñ. ×Ï€¥Æ ÖÒ€Ì ƒ› ‘«¿º¨Žé³.
ƒ™þ‘ª€¥ µ‘Ñþ‘ØÖ- °™€Ò ×Þ´ °¥´±Ö …èã³. òïÆ‘ÀÍÇÓϹ³ 34 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ €À¹³èã³. 90 ˆ™Ñ ¶Ò¿ºÌ¿»Ö, 5 1/2  …ÆÌ´±í Ÿ×Ñè ‡à¿º¿ºª¨, 4 1/2  Ò´±Ö Ÿ×э€ã €À´³èãîÑ. ƒ™þ‘ª€¥Çò …Æѹ° º±ÇÖ 'ØϹ±îÑ ƒÖÒÅ' ƒÏ™Žé³.

ת¥™þ‘ª€¥:

ÀÍ À‘ת¥´±Õè㠃̯¥‘׳ þ‘ª€¥ ƒ³. òïÆ‘ÀÍÇÓϹ³ 6 Ž.Â. ³–Ì´±Ö €À¹³èã³. ƒ³ÚÅ À‘Ñ´°‘¯¥ ×ÑÀ‘ ‘Ò´±Ö ¦Òî‘Çî‘Ö ª¥¿ºª¥³. ƒ™þ‘ª€¥Çò é¿½, ¥€Ò þµ‘™Ž €À¹±Ï¿º³°‘ò. ƒ³ ¥íäÆÕ™Å ŸíìÒ‘Ú™Å ˆíé ƒ¥Å.

±¿ºÌ¿½ ÏØ:

òïÆ‘ÀÍÇÓϹ³ 60 Ž.Â. ³–Ì´±Ö €À¹³èã³. þ‘€°Æ‘íêò €ÌÇÖ €À¹³èã³. ÿÑ×Ì´³ ±Å …è㠍‘Ò›äÖ ÏØ Ý‘™ ‘«¿º¨Å. ƒ› ‚ì, ÏØ, þ‘ØÖ ÄòìÅ ŠÏþœÌ º‘Ñ¿º°í Ý‘î ‘ªè ‚Å. ƒ™þ‘ØÖ À‘þ°×Ñ þ‘ØÖ ‡òì €Ý™¿º¨Žé³. ƒ›èã 2 ÏØ™ —ºÆÑ: º´Ì‘ä ¯¨, —°›Å½³–Ñ.

ê¥Å:

òïÆ‘ÀÍÇÓϹ³ 32 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒÜÛÑ ¥€Ò Šª¦ €À¹³èã³. ƒ› Ý‘î ¥í€ÌÉÅ, Ò›€Ì Ø㙍ÃÅ …¯¨. é¹° ŸíìÒ‘´ °ÒÀ‘ÚÅ Ø㛐Žé³. †Ï™è ¥Ö …èþµ‘™Ž €Ìת¥ צ״±Ö €À¹±Ï¿º°‘ÕÅ †Ñ Á …ÆÌ´±ÓÏ¿º°‘ÕÅ …¥Ö µÒ´±íþíé בâØ¥À‘ ƒ³ €À¹³èã³.

þº¢¿º‘€é:

òïÆ‘ÀÍÇÓϹ³ 74 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. òïÆ‘ÀÍ, ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó™Å ‡Ö€ÒÆ‘ €À¹³èã À€Ò´ —°‘¥€Ì €×´³ ƒ¹° €« ª¥¿ºª¨èã³. ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò —ºÍÆ €« ƒ³þ×Æ‘Å. 1894 ‚Å ‚¯¨ þ‘€°Æ‘ì €«´±ª¥Å —°‘¥›¿ºª¨ 1905 ƒÖ ŸÀ‘Ñ 27 ƒÒªœÅ к‘Ë —œÒØÖ ª¦ 晍¿ºª¥³. þ‘€°Æ‘ì €«þÆ þº¢¿º‘€é €« ‡î¿º¨Žé³. ƒ´þ°™´±Ö 350 þ‘¦ î ¦ °¯­€Ì þ°™Ž €×™ æŽé³. ƒ°ò ÄÒÅ ŸÀ‘Ñ 56,000 ˆ™Ñ ¶ÒÅ º‘œîÅ —ºé ƒÆÕ—Àòì ˜é¿º¨Žé³. µ‘¤Ö µ‘ª€¥ —µíã¤ÆÅ ‚™×°í ƒ¹° €« —ºÍ³Å …°ÚŽé³. ƒ³ Á¢é¹° ŸíìÒ‘ °ÒÀ‘Å. ƒ› º¥ —œÕ´³°Ö ŸÀ‘î ñº×À‘Å. €«Çò ‡±Ñ¿½éÅ ×€Ì —œÖÒ €é¹° ª¥«þÀ סә¿º¨Žé³.

—ºÏ¤œ‘¬ €«: ƒ¹° €« òïÆ‘ÀÍÇÓϹ³ 85 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ €À¹³èã³. ƒ³ÚÅ ŠÏ ŸíìÒ‘´°ÒÀ‘Å. ƒ¹° €« 1948 ƒÖ —°‘¥›¿ºª¨ 1958ƒÖ 晍¿ºª¥³. 50 ƒÒªœÅ к‘ÇÖ —œÒØÖ ª¥¿ ºª¥³.

ƒ¹° €«ÇÖ …¯¥‘™¿ºª¥ ÿÑ´þ°™Å 33.34 œ³Ì €ÀÖ ºÌ¿º‘Å. ƒ¹ÿÑ´ þ°™Å ±Ï×î¹°½Ì´±ò —°òŽÝ™, 58 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÕÅ, ÒþœÌÅ ‡òñ Á¥´±ÓϹ³ 10 Ž.Â.ŽÝ™ŽÕÅ ‡ÞÕ¥ò €À™¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ¹° €« ÄÒÅ 6000 ˆ™Ñ ¶ÒÅ º‘œîÅ —ºìŽé³.

Í¿º‘€é: ‘äþœÅ:

—ºÏ¤œ‘¬ €«ÇÓϹ³ 10 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ Í¿º‘€é ƒÏ™Žé³. ƒ³ ×€Ì þºÏ¹³ —œÖÕÅ. Í¿º‘€éÇò —‘¨Ã¦ ‘äþœÅ ‡òé ƒ¥´±Ö ì ÅÀò þ‘ØÖ …èã³.

Í¿º‘€éÇÓϹ³ þÀþÒ —œÖ×°í µÖÒ ×¯¦´°‘Ñ¢œ‘€Ò …èã³. íì¹³è ÄÒÅ þº‘Ò‘Å. ƒ›èã ‚ì À€Ò¢ œÍڍäÖ Øà¹þ°‘¦ ×Ï×€°´°‘ò ‘äþœÅ ‡òŽòéîÑ. ìì œÍڍäÖ ÏØÆ‘ÚÅ ‘ªÆ䙎é³. º‘€é€ã™ €¥¹³Å, ì´³™ —‘¯¨Å ‹¨×³ º‘Ñ¿º°í ¯—‘èã‘™ ‘ªÆ‘Å. ‚ì ì´° º‘€é ŠòêÖ ºÝ›¦ÇîÑ ƒÏ¹° °í‘î ‚°‘Ì›è —°òº¨Žòéî.

º´Àµ‘º½ÌÅ:

òïÆ‘ÀÍÇÓϹ³ 45 Ž.Â. …èã³. ÀòîÑ ‘Ò ±Ïב›˜Íò °€ÒµÌ‘ Ž.». 1744 Ã°Ö ƒÏ¹°³. Ì¯À€î 6 ˆ™ÍÖ €À¹³èã³. ƒ¹° Ì¯ À€îÇÖ ÌœÑ, €À¢œÑ, Õ×Òэ晐, ºÒ ª¥¥›è ƒÏ™Žòéî. ƒ›è㠃̑Àœ‘Á þ‘ØÓÖ ƒÌ‘À‘Æ«™ €° 45 ‘ªã‘ ´°Í™ ¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ¹° Ì¯À€î ‘€Ò Šòº³ À¬Ã°Ö À‘€Ò 5 ×€Ì ±é¹±Ï™Å. ±›è بÀé.

ƒ› ‘«þׯ¦Æ€×:

ƒ¹±Ì ØÒ‘œÅ, °‘ÁÌ™ ¦°›è, Ö—ת¨è, ºÝ›‘Ò µ‘«Æ›è, þº‘Ñ™Ï؍è þº‘òé€× ‘ª™ ˜¥´±Ö …èãî. ƒ³°ØÌ, ŠþÌ ÀÌ´°‘Ö —œËÆ¿ºª¥ œòîÖ, þ×ï퍑Ҵ±Ö ÌœÑ º¨™Å Öª¦Ö, —ºÍÆ ØϹ³ À¯¥ºÅ, ŠþÌ ÀÌ´±Ö —œËÆ¿ºª¥ ³–®Å ±Ö €¥¹—°¨´° ×€ãÆÃÅ, ³–¯¥ À¬Ø㙐, ´° ÀÏ´³×™ ª¦Ö, ÌœÍò בè, ÿÌ‘¨Á¥Å, —ºÍÆ ØÒ›Å ‘«´°™€×. 17‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö —œËÆ¿ºª¥ ¦‘ÌÅ ½â—ºíé³. ƒ³ °ØÌ ‹ØÆ™˜¥Å ª¥‘ÆÅ º‘Ñ™ þׯ¦Æ ƒ¥Å. ƒ› ±ÏØ°‘›˜Ñ ÌœÑ 桪¨ ØÝ‘, ±¿½Øò þ°‘ÖØ, µ‘¤Ö µ‘ª¨´ °ÁÝэã‘Ö ÀòîÑ ‘¿º‘í鿺ª¥³ þº‘òé œÅº×›è ‹ØÆ›ã‘ ´°Í™¿ºª¨èãî.

°‘éÖ ‡òŽé ±Ï¢œ‘Ì´³ À€Ò:

ƒÜÛÑ òïÆ‘ÀÍÇÓϹ³ 55 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ €À¹³èã³. À€Ò ³ þ‘ØÖ €À¹³èã³. ƒ³ é¹° ŸíìÒ‘´ °ÒÅ. œÀ«¢ íº›è ‘«´ °™€×. µ‘Ñþ‘ØÖ µ‘Ì‘ó‘ þ‘ØÕÅ, ±Ï¢œ‘Ì«´³ À€ÒÉÅ òïÆ‘ ÀÍÇÖ œÀ«Å ƒÏ¹°€° º€éœ‘íìŽòéî.

ƒ›™ Ž€¥´³è㠍֗ת¨ ÄÒÅ Ž€¥™Å —œË±:

ƒ™Ö—ת¨ Ø™ÌÀ‘±´Æ ×̐«¿ º‘¯¦Æò ‘Ò´³ ƒ™þ‘ØÖ Ã´³×‘ã µ‘Ì‘Æ« Ì´±Æ‘Ñ ‡òé œÀ« œÀÆ¿ —º¯ ³éØÆ‘Ö ‡à¿º¿ºª¥³ ‡òìÅ, þ‘ÇÕ™ ŠÏ Ø㙐Å, °› ÀÒÏÅ ×Ñ ‘¬™€ Æ‘™ —‘¨´°‘Ñ ‡òìÅ —°ÍŽé³. Íª¥þµÁ º¥‘ÌÍò À‘«™ŽÆ‘ŽÆ «¹°‘›Ž é´±è ±Ï¢œ‘Ì´³À€Ò º¥‘ÍÆ‘Ñ™¿ —º‘ò µ€æÅ, ¾ÚÅ —‘¨´°°‘™ ê¿»¨Žé³. þÀÕÅ ƒ›¢ œÀ«Ñäò ÖØ ¶€ÒÆÅ ƒÏ¹°°í‘î ˆ³™è Ž€¥™Žòéî. —º¯ œÀ«´ ³éØÇò À™æ™™ ÖØ ½ª¦Æ³Å, À™ä¥Å œÀ«¿ »Ì¢œ‘ÌÅ —œË°³Å —°ÍÆ×ÏŽé³.

±Ïµ¹±™€Ì €™ þ‘ÇÖ:

ƒÜÛÏÅ ºÝ›‘Ò œÀ«´ °ÒÀ‘Å. »òîÑ €œ×э晐 ت¨™—‘¨™¿ºª¥°‘ —°ÍŽé³. ƒ›è㠍þº‘°Ì´±Ö …èã À‘þ°×Ñ ‹ØÆÅ°‘ò þœÌÑ ‘Ò ‹ØÆ›äÖ Ž€¥´° ŠþÌ œ‘òì. Ø™ŽÌÀ‘±´Æ ×̐«ò ±Ïµ¹±™ €ÌÇÖ °›Ž ƒÏ¹°°‘ÚÅ, ŠÏ œÀ«´ ³éØÇÇò Ãòï€ÒÇÖ —°› µ‘ª¨™ ŽÝ×ò Àè Ãύò þœ´±€Æ ±ÏÀ«Å —œË³ —‘¯¥°‘ÚÅ, ÌÇò ב♀™´ þ°€×Æ‘î ¶Ò›€ã ت¨™ —‘¨´°°‘ÚÅ ×̐«ò ‘Ò´±Æ —œ¿þº¨ ˜ìŽé³. ƒÜÛÑ º‘Ñ™ þׯ¦Æ ‹ÐÌ‘Å. º‘€éÇÖ €À™¿ºª¥ þ‘ÇÕè ½×°í בÇÕÅ, À€ÝÿÑ, בÇÕ™ ×Ì‘ÀÖ þÀþÒ ‹€¥ÉÅ Ý—ºé €À™¿ºª¨èãî.

±Ïת¥‘ì:

ÿ½éÃÅ ‚ì ¡â¹° ²ºíºÅ ƒÜÛÑ. µ‘Ñþ‘ØÓϹ³ 30 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. ׀㹳 ת¥À‘ ‚ì ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö ×‘ª¥‘ì ‡òì ‚íêò —ºÆþÌ ¶€Ò´³ ت¥³. þÌã ×ÑÀ Ì‘ó‘ ‡òé ±ÏØ°‘›˜Ñ º€¥´°€Ò×ò, ±¿½ ŸÖ°‘ò º€¥€Æ —×òé³Å ƒ›°‘ò º€¥ œ›°Ñ´°îÅ ‡òé —×íê ØÝ‘ µ¥´±Æ°‘™ ˜ì×Ñ. ƒ™þ‘ØÓò ºÝ€À€Æ™ ‘ª¨Å þ׫‘ª¨ Ìœò ÙÌ …°ÆÀ‘Ñ´°‘¯¥ ×ÑÀ‘ ±Ïצ Ö—ת¨. Ž.». 1174 ƒÖ צ™¿ºª¥°‘´ —°ÍŽé³. ±Ïת¥‘ì ‚±þœ×¿ —ºÏÀ‘è ‚ÒÆÅ, 108 €×«× °Ò›äÖ Šòì. 13 À€Òµ‘ª¨´ ±Ï¿º±äÖ Šò鑍 ±âŽé³. µÅÀ‘âבÑ, »è€ã¿ —ºÏÀ‘è ËÆ›‘Ñ Ã°ÓþÆ‘Íò º‘¥Ö —ºíé´ °ÒÅ. ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ º‘Ñ™´°™ Ö, ÀÌíº›è …¯¨. 18 ¦ œ³ÌÅ, 3 ¦ …ÆÌÃÅ …èã Ší€é™Ö À¯¥ºÅ. ³–¯äÖ —œ³™¿ºª¨è㠃ϸ–왐ŠþÀíºª¥ ÒªŸÁ …Ï×›è ºÒØ°›äÖ ‘ª °ÏŽòéî. þ‘ÇÓò ˜€ÌÇÖ ÀÌ´±î‘Ö —œËÆ¿ºª¥ ŠÏ œ›Ó —°‘›×€°™ ‘«Ò‘Å. ³ þº‘Òþ× þ‘ÇÓò °ØÕÅ ±œÇ´°™ þ×€Ò¿º‘ª¨¥ò íº›è …èãî. ƒ™þ‘ØÖ °Áݍ-þÌ㠍€Ò´±éñ™ œ‘ò鑍 Ø㛐Žé³. Ÿ×эäÖ ×¯« ‹ØÆ›è ƒòìÅ ÞÆ‘ÀÖ ‘¯þº‘€Ì´ °ÅלŠƒà™Žòéî. œÀÆ ŸíéÒ‘ °ãÀ‘ ƒ°€î™ —‘èãÒ‘Å.

þ×äÀ€Ò™ À‘ÌÑ þ‘ØÖ:

‚ì º€¥ Ù¨æè Šò鑍™ ê¿»¥¿º¨Å 'ˆÌÅ' ƒ³°‘ò ‡òº³ ‚Ëבãэè æÚ. °í œ‘ò鑍 ×Ñè ‘¯»¿º³ ƒ³°‘ò. „Ì …€¥É¥ò ‚ÒƤ—œòì ×Þº¨Å Ã€é ˆÌ´±Ö ƒÏ¿º°‘ ±Ï Ãύ‘í쿺€¥ÇÖ ˜é¿º¨Žé³. 'ˆÌÅ- À€Òµ‘ª¥´—°‘Ï ±Ï¿º±' ‡òº°‘Ö À€Òµ‘¨ ‡òº³ þœÌµ‘ª¦Õèã ƒ¹° À‘Ì™ þ‘Ø€ÒþÆ ê¿»¨Žé‘Ñ …€ÌÆ‘ÍÆÑ ‡òº³ —°äבŽé³. þ×ä ‡òñÅ —œ‘Ö ±ÏÀ«Å ‡òé —º‘ÏäÖ À€ÒÆ‘ã —À‘ÞÇÖ ×Ý›Ž ×ÏŽé³. Ãύò ƒ› ×èä É¥ò°‘ò ƒÏ™Žé‘Ñ. ƒÜÛÑ µ‘Ñ þ‘ØÓϹ³ 16 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒÆ퀍 þœ‘€Ò ¡Ý ƒÜÛÑ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. À€ÒþÀÖ þ‘ØÖ €À¹³èã³. 38 º¦è ˆéþׯ¨Å. ÄÒ×Ì‘î Ãύò ‡ª¥¦ …ÆÌ´±Ö ‘ªÆ䙎é‘Ñ. ×èäÆÅ€À 6 ¦ …ÆÌÅ. ø°Ò ØϪœÅ: þ×›€ ÀÌÅ; ×èä´ ±ÏÀ«´€°™ ê™Åº¦Æ‘î ƒ¥›è …èãî. ×èä¢þœ‘€Ò, ŽÝ×ò þœ‘€Ò ‡òºî €×. Ãύò ×èä€Æ À«¹° ±ÏÀ« ¶â¢þÆ ƒ› é¿º‘ —‘¯¥‘¥¿ º¨Žé³. ƒ€° 'é×ò º¨ãÅ' ‡òì €Ý™ŽòéîÑ. ƒ¹¶âØÖ é×эþã º›þíŽòéîÑ. Ãύ¿—ºÏÀ‘€î™ ê™Å þ×Òò, þ×è ‡òé —œ‘íþ㠐ÀÌ€î™ ê™þ×ä ‡òé‘Ž ت¥³ ‡òº³ ‚ËבãÑ Ã¦Ú.

Šã€×Æ‘ÌÅÀò þ‘ØÖ:

Ü€×€Æ ÅÀî‘™Ž 'Šã€×Æ‘ÌÅÀ' ×Þº¨Å ƒ¥À‘ ƒÜÛÑ …èã³. µ‘Ñþ‘ØÓϹ³ 11 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. °Áⵑª¦Ö Šã€×Æ‘Ï™ þ‘ÇÖ …èã ŠþÌ þ‘ØÖ ƒÜÛÌ‘Å. ƒ³ °ØÌ Šã€×Æ‘Ñ €Ò é×ò °ª¨Ø€ã €¥×€Ì™ þ‘ØÓÖ ‘«¿º¨Žé³.

»é þ‘ØÖ †Ñè:

´²ø×ÌÅ, ÝÅ€À™ þ‘ØÖ, ±œÆ ص‘ÆÑ þ‘ØÖ À‘þ°×Ñ ‚ÒÆÅ, ±¿ºÌÀ€Ò ¯«ò þ‘ØÖ, Ï›Ö º×±, þ°‘ב€ã À‘Ö Àύò þ‘ØÖ, À³¡°îÑ ‚ÒÆÅ, óƹ²œÑ ‚ÒÆÅ, ¾°Ó› Ÿ×‘Á ‚€«ÆÅ, ÀŽœ‘ŸÌÀÑ´±ï þ‘ØÖ, ÿҍ¯¥ Ÿ×‘Á þ‘ØÖ, —×èäÀ€Ò ÀÌò þ‘ØÖ, ÀÏ›˜Ñ Ãύò þ‘ØÖ, µ‘Ì‘œò ‚ÒÆÅ, À¯€¥™‘¨ º×± þ‘ØÖ, ŽÏö«ò þ‘ØÖ, À‘‘ä ÅÀò þ‘ØÖ, °àØÆ À‘þ°×Ñ ‚ÒÆÅ, ±ÏבâÀ‘ÑºÑ ‚ÒÆÅ, Â þ‘ØÖ.

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