Koodal
Alagar Temple
This
temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu is as old as Madurai itself.
Vishnu is depicted in 3 poses - sitting, standing and reclining
one above the other. This is a unique feature in temple
construction. It has elegantly constructed ornamental windows
describing the miracles of the stone mason's craftmanship.
There are intricate wood carving, which included as engraved
picture of Lord Rama's pattabishegam. It is just located
at a walkable distance from bus stand. Approved guides are
guiding the tourists in all aspects in all the temple.
Alagar
Kovil
This
temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is situated at the
foot of the Alagar hills. It is beleived that Lord Vishnu
came down to this place from VAikuntha, his abode in heaven
to give away Meenakshi in marriage with Sundareswarar.This
favourite vaishnava temple is drawing pilgrims and tourists
throught the year. It is 20 km from the meenakshi temple.
According to Legend he is the brother of meenakshi and is
adored with unbounded reverence both by vaishnava and saivates.
It is here in this temple alone the moolavar is found in
three postures standing reclining and sitting. Elaborate
prayer services in accordance with agamas offered and there
is perennial attraction for all classes of devotees. Another
unique feature that enthralls the asthikas is that he istaken
in procession in a palanquin from here to Madurai on the
chitra pournami day which is a state attraction and people
in millions participate in this grand festival. This festival
is celebrated for 10 days both in Alagarkoil and Madurai.
The
temple is a sculptural marvel as it is lavishly endowed
and adorned with architectural and sculptural embellishment.
Many festivals are celebrated simultaneously here and at
Madurai.Water from a spring lying at 3 kms atop the hill
is brought for abhisekam. Mystery of the source of water
is only to be venerated rather than probed.
A
few miles of this hill temple, there is another temble to
Lord Murugan. It is called palamudircholai, one of the Arupadaiveedu,
Six important temples of Lord Murugan. It is visited
by all thoughout the year.
èãÏÅ
ÝÏÅ èãÝÏÅ
ÝÑ
þÇÓÖ ¯¨þ°ìÅ
´±€Ì À°Å
òº³ µè µ€¥ºìÅ
´±€Ì´ ±ÏØÝØò
þº³ µòÅ
±Ïµãòì ÝÑ,
èãÑ ±ÏþÒ´³¥ò
À³€Ì´ ±ÏźÚÅ
×¹³ þÑéÑ.
"³Ñ× Ãï×ÌÖ
°×€ãÆÅ º¦
»¿ºª¥ °ºø
Ãï×Íò ºØþÀî´±ò
¶Á´°ÀÚÅ,
¹°Ì´þ°æ€¥Æè
òì ý ¯¥è
ÀãîÅ
˰ ¹°Ì´ þ°èæ
×ÏõÅ Ï Ã€é
¯¥è íê
¨´° ±ÏÀ€Ò€Æ
íì èæÅ
ºÏª¨Å ý ¹°ÌÌóò
'èãÝÑ' ±ÏþÒ´³¥ò
À³€Ì à¹°ÏæéÑ"
òì þÇÖ €Ý¿»°â,
ÝÑ À³€Ì
×Ï×°ò Ì«´€°
ìé³. ´±ÏØÝØÖ
ÝÑ, èãÑ
±ÏþÒÅ ¾¯¨
×ÏéÑ. 'ÿ Ï×ÑÅ
ÀËÆîÖ€Ò' òì
ºÍÆâ×ÏÅ,
'פ è×ò
ÀÀÆò ' òì
µÅÀâ×ÏÅ,
´°Ò´³ €é×€î¿
- Ý€Ì - º¦ÇÏ¿º€°
ª¦ Ì«Àþ×
(½Ì« ØÏÅ»è
) ϳòéîÑ.
Ï´³ ºÏ´°Àî°òì.
èãÑ òé ±ÆÍÖ
ÝÑ À€Ò¿
º±ÇÕÅ þÀÕÑ¿
º±ÇÕÅ ×âòé
"þÀÒµª¨èãÑ"
òé »ÍØîÑ
þºÒþ× ÝÑ
þ×¥Áª¨ ×ÏéÑ.
¢±ÇîÍò
Ìæþíé
þ×¥´€°þÆ ÝÑ
½€î¹³ ×ÏéÑ
òº³ °ä×î
¯€ÀÆÅ. €òé
×ã°¦ ¨Å.
×ãÍ´°¦, ª€¥
þºòé Ž,
â µª¨ èãÑ
±ÇÖ ¯è
¨òé ¯€¥,
°€ÒÇÖ
ÏÀÖ,
¢±ÇîÑ ºÍ³Å
ØÏÅ» ¬ÉŠׯ¦¨ò-
€×þÆ èãÑ
þ×¥´±ò þ°íéÀÅ.
'×ã°¦' ¨Å
×ãÍ´°¦€Æ þÒÆÑ
Vellari Thade òìÅ Boomrang òìÅ
ê´³èãîÑ.
Ò€´ °Øª¨
ê€×´°×Í¥ÃÅ
±ÏÅ» ×ÏÅ €À¿½€¥Æ
ɰг. ⵪¨
èãÏÅ ×€,
½³þª€¥¿
º±ÇÖ ×â¹°
èãÏÅ ÏØ€Æ
€Ææ×±Ö ºÏÅ
½â ºíé×Ñè.
"Àï°ò ðò ðҿ
ºÆòº¨´±Æ ÏØäÖ
×ãÍ´°¦ÉÅ
òì" òì €Òã¤ÆÅ
ìé³.'À³€Ì
Àת¥ ̰â'
òé ¸€Ò à±Æ
»Ìòø, °òï¹±Æ
±€ã¿ ºíêÆ
¸Ö à±Æ ªÑ
°Ñø¥ò, Ì®×
¶€îÚè òé
¸€Ò à±Æ
×Öö þÆÑ
°Å ¸íäÖ ÏØ€Æ¿
ºíêÉÅ, èãÑ
î´°×Ñ €°
€Æ¯¥ Àé
ºíêÉÅ ¶€éÆ
à±ÉèãîÑ.
×€ Í´±Ì
ÅÀ€î òé
¸Ö ºÍÆ Àϳ
×ãÍÇîÖ ÀÖÒÍÌØò
°€Ò€Æ ì´°
˱€Æ " Ç×ãÍ
°ò€î´ ±ÏÀÖ
ð€ÒÇò þÀÖ
þºØª¥ ÌÅ
þºÖ ºÍÆÀÏ
þ°¹±Ìï×ò Ù
êÆ ØÒÀÖ
ÀÖÒÌÚ °€Ò€Æ
¶€Ò€ÒÆ´ °îì´°ÀÖ
×Õ×Ë ×¥€ÌÇò
×ËÓÖ þºª¥³þ×"
òì êé³.
°òÀ½´±Ìò
à±Æ ×ãຳ
òé ¸ÕÅ ×ãÍ€Æ
ê¿»¨×°
Â. ÀþîÌò
à³éÑ. " ×ãÍ
òñÅ Ü×ɰÅ
¹±ÆØþÒþÆ
°Áâ¿ º±ÇþÒ°ò
ºÆòº¨´°¿º¨é³
.......... 1883 ÀÑ¢Ö ×€
¯€ÀÇÖ ¹°
'¾ÀÌè'
ºÆòº¨´°¿º¨×€°
þµÍÖ ®Å ×Ë¿½
î ª¦Æ³"
òì ½Ðø½ª
(Bruce Foote) ê¿»¨éÑ.
€òé
×ãÍ ¹±Æ ÝÏ
¥¿º¨Å ¯€¥ÉÅ
èãÑ ±ÇÖ
¯è ¨òé
¯€¥þÆ. °Ì«À¿
º¯è ¨òé
¯€¥€Æ¿ þºÒ
»¥ÍÇò ⿺±ÇÖ
°¥ þ°€ã
þµ¢ ͹°°
ÖÒÀÖ µ¨¿º±ÇÖ
¯€¥ þµÌî°
€À¹³èã³. (¢
±ÇîÍÖ ×Æ°î
ÍÏ×Ñ ¯€¥
ª¦Ï¹€° µò
þµÍÖ ¯¦Ïþéò)
À³€Ì °â òé
¸Òà±Æ µÖò
"è㢠±ÇÖ
15 ׯ³ î ¯Àò
°ò ØÏŽÅ×€Ì
æ ×ãÑ´³
èãÒÅ. ì
€ºÆòæ ¹°
Í€À Ö€Ò"
(At fifteen a Kallan usually entitled to be considered a proficient
and the time forth he is allowed to grow his hair as long
as he pleases, a privilege denied to younger boys) òì
ê¿»¨×³ ¢±ÇÖ
¯è ¯€¥Ç¨Å
×Ý´€°
챿º¨´³é³.
ׯ¦¨ò
³ À¥þÒ¨
ª¦Æ±Ö€Ò.
Á¿
ºÍÆ ³ ×€ãÆÅ
³. ¦¿½é´±Ö
Ö €×´³ ª¥¿º¨é³.
¢òìãÖ
ÝÑ þÀÒµª¨
èãÑ ±Çò
þ°íé´€°þÆ
½€î¹³ ×ÏŠ˱
챿º¨é³.
þÇÖ, 'èãÝÑ
þÇÖ' òþé
¥¹° ¸í鯦ÓϹ³
׫äÕŠ꿺¨é³.
Ï¿»ñÅ â×Ñè
ºÌäÖ Àª¨Áòê
þÇÖ
èã
123 Öת¨äÕÅ
òêÖ ¥ ¿ ºÆÑ
×Ý «ØÖ€Ò.
ÝÑ éפ,
ÝÑ ÖºÅ,
ÝÑ »è€ã´
°Áâ, ÝÑ è€ãب
³³, Ϻ°Å ¸í鯦Ò๰
þ€Ò À€Ò
éפ Æ ÒÆæÅ
€°¿ºíê ¹°
ê¿€ºÉÅ °ÌØÖ€Ò.
ÝÑ è€ã
ب ³³ ÝÑ
À³€Ì ×¹³
€×€ÆíêÖ
é×€°¿ºíê
Àª¨þÀ º¨é³.
À³€Ì ×ÏÅ
Ý€Ì ×Ìþ×íÅ
×€ÇÒ€À¹°
ÝÑ ×Ï€¿
º´³Å, èãÑ
þ×¥Á¨×€° êØÖ€Ò.
ò€î â´±€
€Ò¢×¦ ¸Ò´±Õèã
±ÏÀÓϤ þ€ÒÀ€Ò
"ÝÑ À€Ò"
òñÅ ¸Ö Àª¨Å
(R 8462) "èã ¦ª
Í€À €À´°Ïè
Ì«´°Ö èãÑÍÆ
Ý¿»Ìò
î °Õ€Ì´
(³)
èã´ ³€éÉÅ
»Ìþî ÝÖ
¿»ÓþÆ" òì
èãÝÑ òé
ºÆ€ÌÉÅ, èãÑ
Í€ÀÉ€¥Æ×Ñ
ÝÑ òé ˱ǀîÉÅ
ê¿»¨é³. ÝÑ
×Ϭ¿½ òñÅ
º¥Ö ÝÑ èãÑ
þ×¥Á¨×€° "èãÑ
þץŠ°î¨´³
€ÇÖ ×€ã°¦ÉÅ
°ò »¦´³" òì
꿺þ°¨ °íÍÆ
€°Ç€îÉÅ êòé³.
(µíº³ ¯¨æ
Ãò ÏÁ òº×Íò
þׯ¨þæ«
ÌÀÁ ØÌÆÑ
à±Æ " ºÍÆ
ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½Å
èãÑ þ×¥´±Ö
ÝÑ ×Ï×€°
ØÍ´³€Ìòé³.
ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½
ìÅ €° ³°ò
ÝÑ þÇÓϹ³
À³€Ì ×ÏÅ ×ÞÇÖ
èã¹±Í °¯¨éÑ.
¿þº³, "èãÑ
×Þ Àê´³ - ÆÅ½þÀï€ÆÒÁ¢Ë°Ñè
×èãÒÌ¿ þº³
- ÿÒ þÀÅ èãр㴰ò
óÇ ÀÆ€«Æ¨´³
- ±ÄÒÅ ×ÍØÖÓÖ
°ò ¾ª¦ ÆÑ
°¨´³ Ø¥ - µÌ
ÄÑ´± ¿þº³
èãÏ ¯®
°ÍÆÀÒ¿þº
- ò Ëþ×Àòì
èãÑ ÀÆ
¶òéÑ ½¯«
µ¹³ èãÑ
- ÆÅ¾ þÀïÇ¥Å
½ÒÅ»þÆÆÖÒÏÅ
×Þ×ÅÀË - ÿÒ
þÀ´±í ×¹°¦€À
ËÉþéÅ
äÚ °ÍÉÅ º¦
±é - ± ÄÒÅ
ÅÀÒØ¹° ¯€«
±é þ×®Àòì
ÖÓ èãÑ
ÀÑÃ¥ò º¬¹°Ñ.
¥þî ÝÑ"
µò ׯ¦ÊÑ
òì ¯¨Å À€Ò´
±ÏŽŠ׀Ì
ò
¯¦Æ€Ò´
³ ¯¨
×Ïè" òì
ª¥€ãǪ¥Ñ.
¿º±ÇÖ µª¨½é
Àä¥Å ×ÝÅ
€°ÉÅ þ° ˱€Æ´
°ò Öé³.
îÖ
èã¹±Í À¯¥ºÅ
°¯¦ ×¹°þº³
¹¶â¢ µ¥¹°°
ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½
ÖÒ Àä¥Å
×ÝÅ €°þÆ
¢Åº×Å "€Ì«íêÖ
(° «ì) µ¥¹°°þ×
ìé³. ̯¦¥æ€¥ÇÖ
5.. °€ÒÚ
èã³.
ºÍÆ ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½Å
€Ì «íêÖ
¹¶â¢ µ¥¹°°þ×
-ìé³. êÆ
ÝÑ ×Ϭ¿½
ÀíþéÍ¥´±Ö
"€Ì«Ñ
¥¹°Ñ - ò€îÆò
èãÑ ºÆþÀ
²Ñ¹°Ñ" òì
ìé³. °ØÌÚÅ
¿º± À䥴±Ö
"€Ì«ì
Þ¢þò - èãÑ
þ×õÅ þºªþ¥ò
þºªþ¥ò" òì
ÝÑ Ö×°
×ÝÅ ÖÒ€¥
(Proverbial Phrase) ÉÅ Ï´€°
ì± Ë×°Ö,
èãÑ ÝÑ
Ñ×Ò´€° Àê´°
¥Å €Ì«ì°ò
òì
ì±Æ
èãÒÅ. ¢
ÖÒ€¥, ¶â¢
µ¥¹° ¥´þ°¨
ÝÑ €Ì«ì
°¯¦ èãÑ
þ×¥Á¨×° þ°
ì± (´±ÆÅ)
˳ ¨¿º³
þºÒÚÅ Öé³.
ÝÑ Ñ×ÒÅ
èãÑãÖ ×ÞÀ꿺ª¥³
°¥Ñº Ï
ì ¥ Àª¨þÀ
¿ºà³ µ€¥ºìé³.
ØÝ æ¹°»ò
ÝÑ °ò þÇÕ´
±ÏźÚÅ ×ÞÇÖ
°ÖÒãÅ ºÏÀè
þÇÕ¿ »ò½éÀ,
ÝÑ ê×ÏÅ
ºÖÒ€ ÀãÅ
ÌÀ´±îÌî
èãÑ ±ÇîÑ
ÒÑ ºÏ¤´°´³¥ò
×ÞÀêòéîÑ.
ºÖÒ€ ̯¨
Äòì Àé íê
×¹°»ò ºÖÒò
Ãò Å»€î
'×Ý€Ò' òñÅ
ª¦ÆÖ ´³òéîÑ.
òê̯¨ ¶Á¥æ
Ï µ¥Å þºÒ
¹¶â¢ µ¥´°¿ºìé³.
×èäÆòéÅ
óÂò°Ñ µÆÌªÇò
þº³ ÝÑ þØÖ
"×¥ þª€¥
´°ÝÅ" º³×Ö
ºì¿»ÓϹ°Ñ.
ÝÑ Ñ×ÒÅ
±ÏÀ€ÒµÆÑ
Ò´±Ö °ò
À³€Ì ×¹°³. °í
Ãò þÝ×¹°ò
ÏÕèã þ°ñÑ
òé³. ×èãÇòéÅ
óÂò°Ï Å
1591-Ö (.» 1669.Ö) ±ÏÀ€ÒµÆÑ
×ÝÆ ºª¥ÆÅ
þ×¥Ñè (×€ÒÆÑ
¨Å Ä¿ºîÑ
񀌥)
þÇÓÖ µ€€ãÉÅ
º´±Ì€ãÉÅ
è€ãǪ¥
˱€Æ êé³.
¿ºª¥ÆÅ ±ÏÀ€ÒµÆÑ
À€é¹³ º´°¯¨æ¿
»òîþÌ (Posthumous record)×Ý¿ºª¨èã³.
°í Ãò Å
1489-Ö ( » 1567- Ö)Ø×°µÆÑ
×ÝÆ ºª¥ÆÅ
èãÑè ÝÑþÇÕ
×¹° º°Ñ€ã
è€ãƦ´³´
°Ö€Ò ¨´°
˱€Æ êé³
. ̯¨ ºª¥ÆäÕÅ
ÝÑ ¿ºÌ´€°
Àê´° ˱þÆ
èãÑ þ×¥Å
ºíêÆ ê¿þº
«¿º¥ØÖ€Ò.
îþ×
µÆÌªÇò
Ùâ¢Çò þº³,
µª¦Ò ÌÆÖ
°€Ò€À ºÒÙîÀ€¥¹±Ï¹°
Ò´±þÒ °ò
¹ ¶â¢ µ¥¹±ÏÒÅ
òì ¯«´ þ°òìé³.
ÝÑ À³€Ì
×ÏÅþº³ °ÖÒãÅ
ºÏÀè þÇÓÖ
èãÑ þ×¥´€°
€ã¹³ ºÏ¹°Ë×
þÒÅ ½€îéÑ.
±ÏŽÅþº³
°ÖÒãÅ þ³º±
À¯¥º´±Ö ¯¨Å
èãÑþץЬ¹³
èéÑ. °ÖÒã´±íÅ
ׯ¦ÊÏÅ €¥¿ºª¥
º±ÇÖ ºÏ¹°Ë×Àþ×
ª °ÏéÑ.
°ÖÒã´±Ö
èãÑ þ×¥Á¨Å
¥´±Ö ÝÍò
×Ö ×Òîî
º±îª¥Åº¦
Ï¿ºÁ
Ï þÇÖ
èã³.
ÝÑ ×ÏÅ þº³
¹° ¥´±Ö ׀̿
º¯¦Ãï Àê´³
¯¥°ÚÅ,
°îÖ ÝÑ
þÇÓÖ Ï¹°
Ï¿ºÁ °ÖÒãÅ
×¹° º¯¦ Ãï€Æ
ØÌª¦ ت¨ ÜØ¥´±Ö
þÇÖ ¯¨
¶€ÒÆ Àѹ°°ÚÅ
À䀥þÆ Ï
€° ×Ý ×Ïé³.
€°ÉÅ þ×ì
Ò òìæÅ
èãÑ þ×¥´±Ö
×¹° ÝÑ Ñ×ÒÅ
°ÖÒã´±Ö
×ÞÀ꿺ª¥þ°
òé Æ´€° ࿽òéî.
³ ØÍ×î ÀíéÏ
ËÚÍÆ ˱ÆÅ.
´±€Ì À°Å
ÝÑ íêÖ éÅ
±ÏØÝ, À³€Ì
°ØÌ ºÌÀ¦,
ÀîÀ³€Ì Æ
̯¨ ÑäÕÅ
ºÍÆ ãØÖ µ€¥ºìé³.
Å èãÑ
þ×¥Å
¯¨. À³€Ì´
±ÏØÝØò Ö×
Ì«À ×íêò
Àìצ×ãþ×
(Duplicate) €× «¿º¨òéî.
â×ÑäÖ º¯ºÒÌî
¯¥æ ÝÍ¥´±Õèã
¨ºª¦ò Ì«ÀÚÅ,
¯¥è ¡¦ ¨´°
À€ÒÇ€î¢ ´±€Ì´
±ÏØÝØÖ ÝÑ
¡¨×°îÕÅ, ýØÖÓ¿½´³ÍÕÅ
ÀÑÞ À°Å
µ€¥ºìÅ ÿ̪¨´
±ÏØÝØò ̯¥Å
µäÖ þ° þºòé
èãÑ þ×¥Å
¥¿º¨é³. ºÏźÕÅ
À³€Ì¿ º±ÇÕèã
€×«× þÇÖäÕÅ,
µ×Ì´±Í
ÕØò þº³
Ò ÅÀò þÇÖäÕÅ
¥Úæ 'èãÑ'
þ×¥Á¨òéîÑ.
Ü ×¦×´€° Ò¢
ðÆÅ íì
¯¥ ذ´±í
€× òìãÅ.
ÝÍò èãÑ
þÒÅ, °íî
€°, ¥è,
µÅ»€è, ×íêÓϹ³
µÅÀÖ
¯€ÀÆ
µ¥¹° ¶â¢€ã
´³
«Ì(infer) æé³.
ÝÑ þÇÕ´
°íÕÅ ÝÕÅ
þÀÒµª¨ èãÑþã,
ºÏ¹°€Æ
×àÅ ±ÇîÌ×Ñ.
×Ñè €×«×
ÀÌ»îÑ ÖÒÑ.
Á¿ºÍÆ ´³¥€À
¶ì×îÀÆ þÇþÒ
Ï À€Ò¿º±ÇÖ
€À¹³èã³. è×Ó€ÀÉÅ
ɰ ×Ó€ÀÉÅ
€¥Æ èãÑ ±ÇîÑ
°è À̽ ×Þ
µª¨¿ º±ÇÖ
¸€Ý¹³À³€Ì
×ÏÅ ÝÍò
Ñ×Ò ´€° Àê´³
è€ãÇ¥ ÀîòéîÑ.
þÇÓò þÀÒ¯€À€Æ
íêϹ° þÀÖ±ÇîÑ
'þÇÕÅ €é×ñÅ
æÅ º³'
î¢ ÀÌÅ (Compromise)
˳ èã
Ãò×ÏòéîÑ.
ÀÌ´±ò ×俺¥
þÇÖ µ€¥Ã€éäÖ
èãÑ ÀÍÆ€°è
×Ý¿º¨òéî.
¦À°´ þ°Ñ´
±ÏØÝØÖ µòÖ
Äòì ×¥€ã
àÅ
̀þÀÒ µª¨
èãÑ ×Ý¿º¨òé³.
´±€Ì´ ±ÏØÝØÖ
ÝÑ þÇÕÅ
°ÖÒã´±íÅ
€¥¿ºª¥¿ º±ÇÖ,
èãÑ ±Çò
¯À€î¿ þºÒ
€é×ñ þ×¥À¬Ø´³
×ÌÚÅ þÇÒÑ
¥òº¨òéîÑ.
¶ÒÀïÆ À±¿¼¨è
(Feudal Values) ×Ó€ÀÆ
Ϲ° Ò´±Ö
'þÇÖ ÀÍÆ€°'
òº³ èãÑ
±ÆÏ
€¥´° Á¿ ºÍÆ
ÌÀ
ϰ¿ºª¦Ïòé³.
€ÆÖ ×ÑæÅ
°í
¥òºª¦ÏòéîÑ.
€×«× À°Å ѹ°
þÇÖ. Ï º¯ºª¨¢
ÀÌ´€° (cultural compromise)
×íêÌÀ¢
˳ æ´³´
°ò€îÉÅ °ò ´³€ãÉÅ
´³ ¯¦Ïé³.
µã€¥ÇÖ
þÇÕÅ èãÝÑ
þÇÖ òþé
×Ý¿º¥ÒÇíì.
³þ× ÝÑ, èãÝÑ
î €°ÆÅ.
À³€Ì µÌ´±ò
ÌÆÖ °€Ò€À,
×Ó€ÀÇݹ³
þºÇϹ° Ò´±Ö°ò
(
´þ°À .».
1690 - 1742 ) ¹° ¶â¢
µ€¥ºíêÏ
þׯ¨Å òì þ°òìé³.
°Áâ µª¨ €×«×Å
³ þºòé ºÒ
ñº×€ã
¯¦Ïé³.
òé, â×Ñ
±ÏµÍ µÅÀâ×Ñ
±ÏÚÏ×´€° ÃÔÅ
º€¥Æ¨¿½
Ò´±Ö º±ÆÀ€Ò
¦×Ì´±Ö Ï
€îÇÖ þºª¨Øª¥îÑ.
º€Æ¢Å ÿÆ
»ò ¹° ¥´€°
€¥ÆãÅ ¯¨
ÝÀî €îÇÓϹ³
¹° ¥´€° €¥ÆãÅ
¯¨ ÝÀî €îÇÓϹ³
¹° ØÌ´€°
Ï é×ò ¨´³´
°¹°ò òºÑ.
×ñ ÀÍÆ€°
ËÉÅ ºÏª¨,
òéãÚÅ µèþ°ìÅ
ê³ þµÌÅ µÅÀâ×Ñ
ØÌ´³.
' é×ò ¯€¥'
¥¿º¨é³.
ÀαÆî ¥þã¨
'Ż̰ÆÅ' òé
ºÆÍÖ ºÒ ¥è
ת¥Ì þ×캨þã¨
°Á⵪¨ €×«×´±Ö
Ò¹³èãî. Ü×éî
¥äÖ ºÏÅ
ºÒî€× »íº¨´°¿ºª¥,
°â¹°¿ºª¥ ±ÆÏ
À°´±ò Ö€Òè
ºÏÀãÚ
̀°¹³èãî. ''ÍÆÑæ€¥Æ
Ï´±Ö
Ï×
ºþ° ºÌź€ÌÇþÒþÆ
°ïÆ ×ãѹ³
×¹° °Á⵪¨
€×«×´±íÅ,
À€ãÉÅ
À Ż̰ƀãÉÅ
þµÌ¿ »òºíê
×¹° ÒÆæÅ
þµÌî °¥Ñ½
€¥Æ³'' òì
€×«× ×ÌÒí€é
€×«× ê£Ñ ÌÀ¸ó
°´°¢ÍÆÑ
ØãéÑ.
ÇñÅ ¢ Ż̰Æè
»òîÑ ÒÆ µ€¥Ã€éþƨ
Ò¹³Øª¥î . ½±Æ
Å»Ì°ÆæÅ
Ï× ×í€éÉÅ
ÒÆè íì
¯¨Øª¥î .
ÌÀñÏ¿
»ò °Áâ µª¨
€×«×Å ± þ×캨€ã´
°¯¦ °Ì«
Àþ㨠ҹ°³.
°ò Ø€ã×
Ü×€Æî µ€¥Ã€é€ã
€×«×Å ØÏÅ»
íì ¯¥³.
Ï´³¢ Ѻî
µ€¥Ã€é€ã
°Á⵨ Ãà׳Å
€×«× þÇÖäÖ
«ÒÅ. °Á⵪¦Ö
Ì °Ì€× Á€éí°
ãØÖ ºíé
À°Å €×«×Å °ò.
îþ× þµÌ¦Æþ×
À€ã´ °òºÅ
Ñ þׯ¦Æ
¡â¶€ÒÉÅ ª¥ÆÃÅ
°í íºª¥³.
Ø€ã× À
×Þºª¨ (great tradititons)
ÀéæÅ µª¨¿½é
×Þºª¨ (folk traditions) Ò¹³
×ãѹ°´ °Á⵪€¥
€×«×Å ½±Æ
ϯ¥³. ÝÑ
þÇÖ €À¿½Å
°ÁÝ þÇÖ
€À¿½Å °Á⵪¦Ö
â×ÑãÖ
º¥¿ºíé €×«×´
±Ï¿º±äÖ òì
ÝÑþÇÖ
Å. â×ÑäÖ
×Ñ þÇ€Ò¿º¦ÉèãîÑ.
ºÍÆâ×Ñ
Äòì ±ÏÀÞæÅ,
µÅÀâ×Ñ µò
±ÏÀÞæÅ,
±ÏÀ€Æâ×Ñ
̯¨ ±Ï ÀÞæÅ
þÇÓò ³
º¦ÉèãîÑ.
¾°´°â×Ñ
̯¨ ºÌäÖ
Àª¨Å ´°Ò´±€î¿
º¦ÉèãÑ.
×ÏÅ º¦Éèã
À´°¿ ºÌè
108 Å. ¶Òìþª¦Ö
(Latitude) 10.5 º€ÇÕÅ,
¶Òµ¨þª¦Ö(Longitude)
78,14 º€ÇÕÅ €À¹³èã
ÝÑþÇÖ
À³€Ì Àת¥´±Ö
þÀÕÑ ×ª¥´€°¢
þѹ°°Å.
þ°ÌÆÀ
̯¨ Ñ ¶Ò¿ºÌ¿»Ö,
°ò ÝÓϹ³
×ÏÅ À€Ò´°¥Ñ
Ý´ ±ÏŽÅ
¥´±Ö À€Ò¢ÍØÖ
þÇÖ €À¹³èã³.
þª€¥€Æ
èä¥À ¯¨
×äþª€¥
òì °ò½éÀ
ÿ¯¨ €À¹³èã³.
¹°
ªþª€¥
'̬Æþª€¥'
îÚÅ, ×äþª€¥
'ݽÍþª€¥'
îÚÅ ºÆÑè
×Ý¿º¨òéî.
¹° ×äþª€¥
.». 15-Ÿí鯦Ö
¹¶Ò¿º±€Æ
¯¥ À×Ó ×«±ÌÆÑãÖ
ª¥¿ºíêÏ
þׯ¨Å î´ °ÖÓÆÖ
ê£Ñ Ì. µÁ
ϳéÑ. ''ÌóÌ󿺯¦
µª¨ Ìþó¹±Ì¢
þÝ ×㵪¨
ÞÌ¬Æ Ãª¥´³´
±ÏÀÓϤ þ€Ò
'' î Ï Öת¨
ÜÛÍ€î ê¿»¨é³.
þÇÖ Ï×€é
þÇÖ Ï×€é
ת¥ צØÖ €À¹³èã³.
±ÌإеÌÅ,
þ×ÌÅ òñÅ
Äòì ×€ ØÀîäÖ
Ï þ×Ì ×€Ç€î¢
ѹ°³. Ü×ì
þ×Ì ×€ÇÖ
€À¹° Ï×€éè
°Á⵪¦Ö ³×€Ì
Äòì Àª¨þÀ
¯¥êÆ¿ºª¨èãî.
1. ÝÑþÇÖ
2. µÑ´°À€Ò
ØÆÒÆ¢ þß×ÌÅ
3. ¤½ÌÅ óÌþÌ×ÌÑ
þÇÖ. Ï×€éÇò
»Ìø°Ì¿ º±
(°×³ ×Ñ¿º±)
̪€¥¢ ×Ñ€ã
€¥Æ³. ¹° ̯¨
×ÑæÅ €¥ÇÖ
ØÆÒÆ¢ þßÌ´±Ö
èã³ þºÒ Ï×Ñ
Àª¨þÀ ÖÒ¦Æ
ãØÖ »ÌÌÅ
(±Ï¢íì) òì
€À¹³èã³. ÀíìÀÏ
°ï´³×Àî ˱,
¢êÆ »ÌÌ´³
'µè òéÅ
»ÌÌÅ' òé
Ï ºÆÏÅ ×ÝÖ
Ïé³. Ï×€éÇò
¦¿º±ÇÖ Öת¨è
³ÁÖ€Ò. ª¦¥¿
ºÏèè (Materials)
»íÒ´°î×´
þ°òêîÕÅ
¹° €À¿½ (Plan)
Ò´°Ö ÀêÆ°´
þ°òéØÖ€Ò.
''°òî´±Ö ½³
ª¨Åþº³ ØÀî´±ò
ù±Æ €À¿€º
¿º¦þÆ »òºíì׳
×ÝÅ'' òì
. Ïö«ÄÑ´±
ìéÑ. ÝÑþÇÖ
Ï×€é €À¿½
»íÒ¢ þÝò
(Imperial Cholas) 񫱒
ù±Æ³ òìÅ,
Ü×€À¿»Ö ê¿»ª¨¢
ÖÕź¦ º¯¦
À¯¥Ò´±Ö ³
òþé
èã³
òìÅ þ.Ø. ã¹°ÌÌóò
ϳ×Ñ. Å 1386
(.». 1464) -Ö à¹° Ï
Öת¨ ±ÏÀÓϤþ€Ò
¶òéè À×Ó
׫±ÌÆî
éØÖÓ°ò
€«Çò º¦ þÇÖ
ºîÅ (¦´°ãÅ)
Ã°Ö ø³» ×€Ì
±Ï¿º¬ ˰
±Ï×ãò þÀÆó
ÒÀÒÅ òñÅ
íìÑ °'îÅ
ËÆ¿ºª¥°
ìé³. °ÆÑ
òï± þÀþÒ
×Íò ¦¿º±ÇÖ
Ï ÖÓÖ Ï þ¨
ת¥¿ºª¨èã³.
°îÏÖ þ¨
''±ÏÀÓϤþ€Ò
¶òéò À×Ó
׫±ÌÆò
À´ÌÒÅ''
òé Öת¨
èã³. (þª¦ò
ÿãÀ¥Æ þ€ÒþÆ
ãÚþÒ
«¨ ´°ÆÑ
òï± Ü׫±ÌÆîÖ
ª¥¿ºª¦ÏÒÅ
òì þ°òìé³)
Ï×€é ¥ Úè
þ°íéÅ Ï×€éÇÖ
¶òé ±ÏþÒ´±Ö
€é×ò ×ÝÅ
þºÖ þ°Ø, ¾þ°Ø
Æ Ï þ°ØÆÏ¥ò
¶íéÑ. 'ÀϹ³¢
¹³¿ ' ¾¢
¯¥ í€ÒÆÅ.
³ îþ× Ì¯¨
ÖÒ³ Äò鯨Ï
Àé '€°Ò¿ »Ì±ö€¥'
òé ºÆÍÖ ½±Æ
'ÀϹ³¢ ¹³
¾Å ±ÏØÝ'
òì µ€¥ºìÅ.
ÅÄÒ´ ±ÏþÀïÇÖ
ê¿»¥´°¹°
ÅÅ ò쯨.
º³× €×«×
þØÖäÖ €é×ïò
×Ò³ þÀí€ÇÖ
èã ÌÅ ÷°î¢
ÌÀþ×,
°×³ ¬Æþ×
€À¹±ÏÅ.
þÇÖ €é×ò
€ÇÖ ÌÅ
»ÌþÆ¢ ÌÀ,
Õ´°¿º¨Å
¶€ÒÇÖ €À¹³
Ïé³. À
À¯¥ºÅ Ñ´°
À¯¥ºÅ òñÅ
êÆ €¥Þ À¯¥º´€°
¨´³ À À¯¥ºÅ
€À¹³èã³. ÅÀ¯¥º´±Õèã
Ï Öת¥Ö,
''ÁÝ€Ò íé³
µ¨Øíì ½èæÑ¦
Ã€îÆ°€ÌÆîî
ºòºíêÉ€¥Æò,
Àò€î¿ »Ìò
ØÌ°Ã¦´° ºÏÀè''
òº×ò ÅÀ¯¥º´€°
ª¦Æ ˱ °Íòé³.
ÅÀ¯¥º´±í
'ÒÌò ±ÏÀ¯¥ºÅ'
òé ºÆÏÅ ×Ý¿º¨é³.
ÅÀ¯¥º´±ò
Ãò €À¹³èã
êÆ À¯¥º´±í
'ÍÆò À¯¥ºÅ'
òì ºÆÑ. º×ª¦Ö
º¦€ãÉÅ ÆÞ´³¯€ãÉÅ
€¥Æ °í¿
'º¦þÆíé À¯¥ºÅ'
òé ºÆÏÅ
¯¨.
ÅÀ¯¥º´±Ö
èã Ï Öת¥Ö
þ°ÀÌËÆò
Àîî ÌËÆò
Àîî Ì×Ìó
òº×ñÅ ÅÀ¯¥º´€°
ª¦Æ° êþéÅ.
À À¯¥º´±í
×¥þÀí´ ±€ÇÖ
ÆÌÀî À¯¥ºÅ
òì
èã³. ÅÀ¯¥º¢
×ÍÖ
èã Ï
Öת¥Ö ÅÀ¯¥º´€°¢
¥×ÑÀò ¹°Ìº¯¦Æò
ª¦îò òìÅ
°í¿ 'ºò
þ×˹° ºÏÀè'
À¯¥ºÅ òº³
ºÆÑ òìÅ
°ÍÆ×Ïé³.
×î³ ÒÅ .».
1251-1271 Å. À³€Ì
þÇÓÖ
èã
ÇÌÖ À¯¥º´€°¿
þºÒþ× ÅÀ¯¥ºÅ
ãØÖ êÆ°
€À¹³èã³. .».
13- Å ¸í鯀¥¢
þѹ° ¹° À¯¥ºÅ
Ï Ò´±Ö þÇÖ
€é×ñÍÆ
±Ïµè À¯¥ºÀÚÅ
ºÆòºª¦Ï
þׯ¨Àî´ °Íé³.
Å À¯¥º´€°´
°ª¨¯þ¥
þÇÓò ðÖ
À±Ö €Àòé³.
€° ¨´³ ×ÏÅ
̯¥Å ±Ï¢íêÖ
°ÆÑ ¹¶±ÉÅ
°ò »ò½éÅ
±Ï×Þ â×Ñ
¨Å. '°Ñ÷ò'
¹¶±ÉÅ €À¹³èãî.
̯¥Å ±Ï¢íêÖ
×¥ þµ´
±ÏŽŠ¥´±Ö
'ºè䯀é'
èã³.
ºè䯀é ×¥þ
Ï×€é þµÑ
»òî
ÆÑ¹°
Ï À¯¥º´±Ö
Ý þµ
'þÆ µÌÅÀÑ'
Àѹ³èãÑ.
×Ï '
Ì
µÌÅÀÑ' 'ô×Ò
µÌÅÀÑ' Ã°ÓÆ
ºÆÑæÅ
¯¨.
×̳ îÅ °¬Æ
µè þ°ìÅ ×Ï
¯«Ë ¿»¨×Ñ.
̯¥Å ±Ï¢íêÖ
Ý þµ´
±ÏŽŠ¥´±Ö
¯¥è òï±
èã³. °í ÃòîÖ
Æ€ÒÉÅ,
×î À¯¥ºæÅ
èãî. ¹° ̯¥Å
±Ï¢íì À±ÓÖ
èã þ½ÌÅ
×ÍÖ
èã Ï
Öת¥Ö °€î¢
'à×´³Ñ ÓÌÆÑ
Àîî °¯€¥ÀîÑ'
òº×Ñ ª¦Æ
˱ °ÍÆ ×Ïòé³.
³×€Ì €À¹³èã
ª¦¥¿ º±þã
.». 14 Å ¸í鯦ò
°¥´±Ö þÇÓò
ã× Ï¹±Ï
þׯ¨Å. °ò »òîÑ
þ½Ì´±í
×äÇÖ
è㠺̹°
¶Ò¿º±ÇÖ,
ØÆ µÌ Ì
Ò´³¿ º €¥¿ºî
ÖÆ« À¯¥ºÅ
€À¹³èã³. ÅÀ¯¥º´€°¿
ºÒ íºè ¬
Ëòéî. ̬Æò×°Å
ËÉÅ µÌÅÀÍò
̯¨ þ°íéè,
ÝճŠþ×®þºÒò,
±Ï ØÌÀò,
¾Á×ÌÑ, ̱,
ÀòÀ°ò Æ
íºè Å À¯¥º´±Ö
èãî. Å À¯¥º´€°
èã¥Æ º±þÆ
ªþª€¥¿ º±ÆÅ
ÜÚªþª€¥ÇÖ
Ý À±í×ÍÖ
èã þ½ÌþÀ
Ìþ½ÌÀÅ.
þÇÓò Ìþ½Ì
×Ö ¶Ì¹°ÌÀ
€¥¿ºª¦Ïé³.
þ½Ì ×ÓÖ
èã Äòì Öת¨äÖ
Å 1435 (.» 1513)-Ö
๰ ØÆµÌ
Àòîò Ïö«þ°×
ÀÌóØò
Öתþ¥ ºÝ€ÀÆî°Å.
îþ× ¹° Ìó
þ½ÌÅ .».
16 Å ¸í鯨¿
º€¥ÆÅ. èã
ºÝÀ̽€°Ç€î
ËÚ Ë°±Ö
ª¨€ÌÆãÑ
.». 1608 Å 1769Å
€¥¿ºª¥ Ò´±Ö
´þ°À 17 Å
¸í鯦ò
챿 º±ÇÖ
þ½Ì ×Ö
€¥¿ºª¨ ÏÒÅ
òé æÚ
×ÏéÑ. ÅÄòéÅ
±Ï¢íìÅ
×äÇÖ ×¹°
À¯¥ºÅ òé ºÆÍÖ
Ï ¶ÌÞ À¯¥ºÅ
èã³. ÖÒÖ
î °ò €Ì¿º±ÇÖ
µÆÑ Ò´
°ÁÝ´þ°¨
¦Æ ϸìÅ
þÀíºª¥ ÌÀÆ«
ª€ã ¯¥
ØÆè ×€ÌÆ¿ºª¨èãî.
À€Ò¢ÍØÖ €À¹³èã
þÇÖ |