—º‘³ غ̛è:

À‘ת¥´±ò °€ÒµÑ µ‘¿ºª¦îÅ À‘ת¥´±ò —À‘´°ºÌ¿½ 2.64.33 œ.Ž.Â, À™è —°‘€: 1377,60; ‡à´°êÚ —ºíþé‘Ñ 7.81.877; À€ÝÆãÚ 1229 Á.Â.

À‘ת¥ ×ÌÒ‘ì:

µ‘¿ºª¦îÅ º¯€¥Æ ‘ÒÃ°Ö ³€éÍ µÌÀ‘þ× ƒÏ¹°³. ×¥µ‘ª¦îÑ °ÁÝ€Ì 'µ‘Ñ' ‡òþé €Ý´°îÑ. °ò ‘Ì«À‘ ×эè ב⹰ ¥í€Ì µÑ µ‘¿ºª¦îÀ‘Çíì. µ‘¿ºª¦î´±ò Àí—é‘Ï —ºÆÑ 'ÿÑ—ºÆíì'. ‘ØÍ¿ ¾Åºª¦îÅ ÞÚ™¿ »òîÑ ƒ¹µÑ —ºÆÑ —ºíé ³€éÍ¿ºª¦îÀ‘ Ø㛎Ƴ. 'º°ê±ª¨' ‡òñÅ º±ÇÖ Ãò½ ½´°Ø‘€Ì ƒÏ¹³èã³. ƒÜ؍‘€Ì Ž.Ã. 265-270 ƒ€¥¿ºª¥ ‘Ò´±Ö ª¥¿—ºíêÏ™Ò‘Å. þœ‘Ñ Ö—ת¨ þœ‘Ý, º‘¯¦Æ µ‘¨äÖ ½´° ºè䍀㠇࿻ƀ°™ ˜ìŽé³. î¿ºÆ¬ Éבò Ÿ×‘› (Ž.». 629-645) °ò ºÆ«™ ê¿þºª¦Ö, þœ‘Ñ ‡à¿»´° ½´°¿ºèä€Æ µ‘¿ºª¦î´±Ö °‘ò ¯¥°‘™ ê´³èã‘Ñ. ½´° ؍‘Ì›äò —×俺±ÇÖ žî µ‘ª¨ ÀéÇÖ þ‘½Ì›è ƒÏ¹³èãî. µÌÅÀ×ÑÀò ‘Ò´±Ö '½³—×äþ‘½ÌÅ' Šò€é ª¦Éèã‘Ñ. Ž.». 11-‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö ý ØóÆÅ ÀòîÑ ¡ã‘À¬×ÑÀò µ‘€ÇÖ '¡ã‘À¬ ؍‘€Ì'€Æ €À´°‘ò. ƒ¹° —ºã´°ºè䙐 ƒÌ‘œÌ‘œñÅ ×ò Àò ƒÌ‘þœ¹±ÌñÅ '‚€îÀ›ÒÅ' ‡òé †€Ì ºè䢜¹°À‘ °‘îÀ‘ ä´³èãîÑ. ƒ€°¿ºíêÆ —œ¿þº¨ ù‘Ò¹³ µ‘ª¦Ö …èã —ÒË¥ïÖ ƒòìÅ …èã³. µÌÅÀ×ÑÀò ‡à¿»Æ '½³—×äþ‘½ÌÅ' 1882 ×€Ì ƒÏ¹³èã³. »òîÑ ŽÏ´³× ÏÀ‘Ñè ‚›ŽÒ Ìí ‡à± ƒ€° ƒ¦´³ ت¥îÑ. ƒ°ò ¦ÇÖ ¯—¥¨™¿ºª¥ 5 ½´°Ñ €ÒæÅ —×䵑¨æ™ —œòìت¥³. µ‘¿ºª¦î´€° ¨´°' 'ºÌ€×' ‡òé ¥í³€é œ‘ѹ° †ÍÖ 'ÿÑ¢¡ÝÖ' ¦™¦ ˆíºª¨ ºÒ Ò›è ÄâŽÆ°í‘î ¢œ‘òìè ºÒ Ž€¥´³èãî. µ‘€ À‘ת¥Å þœ‘ݵ‘ª¦ò ¥í€ÌþÆ‘Ì¿ º±Æ‘þ× ƒÏ¹³ ×¹³èã³. þœ‘ÝÌ‘ªÇÖ 'þœ‘ÝÒ ×ÖÓºª¦îÅ' ‡òé —ºÆ€Ì¿ —ºíêϹ°³. ׬ ³€éͺª¦îÀ‘þ× ƒÏ¹³ ×¹³èã³. Ž.». 10‚Å ¸–í鑯¦þÒþÆ ƒ› ƒÆ퀍 ×‘É —×俺ª¨èã³. ™‘Ò À™è ƒÆí€×‘É —×俺ª¥ Ž«í€é '½€É¯¬™Ž«ì' ‡òì €Ý´³èãîÑ. þœ‘Ýэ晐¿ »é °Áݍ´€° ‚¯¥ µ‘Æ™ ÀòîÑè ‚ªÇÖ µ‘€€Æ þº‘Ñ¢œ™ÆÏ™ °‘€Ì בѴ°îÑ. Ž.». 1500 Ã°Ö 1658 ×€Ì ‚¯¥îÑ. ™‘Ò´±Ö þº‘Ñ¢Ÿ™Æò ºÒ Âî×э€ã —‘òéîÑ. µ‘˜ÍÖ ƒÏ¹³ Ì›µ‘°Ñ þ‘Ç€Ò ƒ¦´°îÑ. þº‘Ñ¢Ÿ™Æэæ¥ò œ¯€¥Çª¨ ‚Ò¹³™‘ÌÑè ƒ¿º±€Æ 1658 Ã°Ö 1824 ×€Ì ‚¯¥îÑ °¤€œ ÀÌ‘ª¦Æ ÀòîÑ ˆ™þ‘ó’É¥ò …¥ò º¦™€ —œË³ —‘¯¨ ´°€Æ‘ µ‘€€Æ ‡¨´°îÑ. ƒ×э晐¿ »ò µ‘€ ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ €™ ×¹°³. ب°€Ò™¿» °¤€œ À‘ת¥´±ò ŠÏ º±Æ‘ ƒÏ¹°³. °¤€œ À‘ת¥´±Ö ƒÏ¹³ 1991, ™þ¥‘ºÑ 18‚Å µ‘è µ‘€€Æ °€ÒµÌ‘™ —‘¯¥ µ‘¿ºª¦îÅ À‘ת¥Å …Ïב™¿ºª¥³.

…è㑪 ¶ÑבÅ:

µÌ‘ªè:3

†Ì‘ª ŠòêÆ›è:11

þºÐÌ‘ªè:10

º¤œ‘Æ´³™è: 432

œª¥œ€º —°‘±è: 6 (žÑ‘Þ, ¾Å½‘Ñ ÀÇÒ‘¨³€é, µ‘¿ºª¦îÅ, þ×°‘̯ÆÅ, ´°‘ÒÅ)

º‘Ì‘æÀòé —°‘±è: 2 : ÀÇÒ‘¨³€é µ‘¿ºª¦îÅ

ÖØ:

—°‘¥™¿ ºèäè: 823

µ¨¶€Ò¿ ºèäè: 177

…ÆѶ€Ò¿ ºèäè: 71

þÀÖ¶€Ò¿ºèäè: 46

ÖՖ͍è: 5

—°‘ÞíÖØ ¶ì×è: 3

—°‘ÞíºÇí ¶ì×è: 2

×Þº‘ª¦¥›è: þ×ã‘›¯¬ À‘°‘ þ‘ØÖ; µ‘˜Ñ°Ñ‘; ‡ª¨™¦, ™Ö Ãύò þ‘Ø֍è; Àíé †Ñè; ÀÇÒ‘¨³€é, žÑ‘Þ, þ×°‘̯ÆÅ, —œÅºî‘Ñþ‘ØÖ, €×´²ø×Ìò þ‘ØÖ ƒÅÀ‘ת¥Å ƒ¹³, ŽÏø³×, ÃøÔÅ œÀÆ›äò œÀÌœ À‘ת¥À‘ Ø㛐Žé³.

—°‘Þ֍è

þ×㑯€À´—°‘ÞÖ:

‘ØÍÇò €¥À€¥ º±Æ‘ ƒ¹° À‘ת¥Å €À¹³èã³. ê¿º‘ —µÖ؀㢜ÓÖ ÀÇÒ‘¨³€é, ´°‘ÒÅ, —‘èä¥Å, µ‘¿ºª¦îŠðÓÆ ƒ¥›äÖ Ø€ã¢œÖ ±Å. —µÖ °ØÌ ÏŽ, ב€Ý, Ì‘Ž, ‘ˍêè, ¾™è ðÓÆ€× Ø€ãØ™¿º¨Žé³. °€Ò£‘Çì Øל‘Æ ‚Ì‘Ë¢ ¶€ÒÆÅ —µÖØ´³™€ã …¯¥‘™Ž ê´³èã³. ÀÇÒ‘¨³€éÇÖ 2 1/2 ƒÒªœÅ ˆ™ÍÖ —µÖ, À¬Ò‘, ‡è, ÏŽ, —°ò€î ðÓÆ ºÇ꥿º¨Žòéî.

—°‘ÞÕŠב¬ÃÅ: Øל‘ÆþÀ ðֶ€Ò —°‘ÞÒ‘ ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö þ×ì —°‘ÞÖè ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö €éþ×. …¿ºã´—°‘ÞÖ ƒÅÀבª¥´±Ö µ‘¿ºª¦îÅ, þ×°‘̯ÆÅ, °Ì›Åº‘¦ ‚ŽÆ ƒ¥›äÖ ‘Ë¢œ¿º¨Žé³. þ×°‘̯ƴ³™ ÏþÉèã …¿ºã›è ì ׬Ñã‘ÕÅ, —ºÏ׬Ñã‘ÕÅ, ´°€™ ‡¨´³ µ¥´°¿º¨Žòéî. 'þÀª©Ñ —ÁÖ' àÀ´°‘Ñ ƒÌœ‘Æî¿ —º‘Ïèäò …íº´±ÇÖ ºÆòº¨´³×°í‘ '—×è€ã …¿½' (Reined Salt) —œË×°í, þ×°‘̯ƴ±Ö, ´°€™ ‡¨´³ þÀª©Ï™Å, ‚Öב˙Å …¿½ ñ¿½ŽòéîÑ. þ×°‘̯ÆÅ º±ÇÖ Àª¨Å ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ 20 ƒÒªœÅ ¥ò …¿½™‘Ë¢œ¿º¨Žé³. þ×°‘̯ÆÅ …¿½ 󒿜Š—œËÆ ˆíé³. ƒ› —°‘Þ휑€Òè ˆíº¥ ƒÏ™Žòéî. Âò»¦™‘ÌÏ™‘î ׀ҍè, ½€Ç€ÒÉÅ Ï¿ºª¦ÉÅ €×¿º°í‘î °‘Ý ‹€Ò¿º‘Ëè ƒ› þ‘¦Æ™ €ÌÇÕÅ, þ×°‘̯ƴ±ÕÅ €´—°‘ÞÒ‘ ×ãѹ³×¹³èã³. —µÖ ב¬º´±í íé‘ÒÅ ½â —ºíé³. ÀÇÒ‘¨³€é€Æ ¨´° ˜€éµ‘ª¦Ö ºª¨¿½¥€× —µËÉÅ ×Ý™Å ºÝ›‘ÒÅ Ã°Ö ƒÏ¹³ ×ÏŽé³.

Âò»¦´—°‘ÞÖ:

±ÏÃÖ€ÒבÇÖ —°‘¥™Å þ‘¦Æ™€Ì ×€ÌÉèã Žª¥´°ª¥ 120 Ž. ¥í€Ì€Æ™ —‘¯¦Ï¿º°‘Ö é¿º‘îºÆò —°‘ÞÒ‘ Âò»¦´°Ö Ø㛐Žé³. œ‘°‘Ì« ª¨ÀÌ›€ã ºÆòº¨´±þÆ ƒ› —°‘ÞÖ —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³. Ò ƒ¥›äÖ ƒÆ¹±Ì º¥ Âò»¦ÉÅ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. ¾Å½‘Ñ, µ‘¿ºª¦îÅ, þ×°‘̯ÆÅ, þ‘¦Æ™€Ì ðÓÆ ƒ¥›äÖ —ºÏÀãÚ Âò»¦™¿º¨Žé³. ƒ› Ÿé‘, ב€ã, ±Ï™€, —µ´±Ó, µ¯¨ ÀíìÅ ¥þÒ‘Ì¿ º±äÖ µòðÑ ƒé‘ÕÅ ×ãÑ™¿º¨Žé³. ÂñÅ, Ïב¨Å µ‘€ÇÓϹ³ ˆíìÀ± —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³. µ‘€ÇÖ Âî×Ñ ºÇí ¶€ÒÆÅ …èã³.

ï×ãÅ:

µ‘€€Æ ¨´° µÍÀ«Å ŽÌ‘À´±Ö —ºªþÌ‘ÓÆÅ ‡¨™¿º¨Žé³. žÑ‘Þ™ÏŽÖ …èã —µËº´³–ÍÖ ƒÆí€×‘É …èã³. þ‘¦Æ™€Ì™ÏŽÖ ºà¿½ ¶Ò™ŽÍ º¦Úè ƒÏ¿º°‘ ‚ËÚ —œËÆ¿ºª¨èã³. °ÌÀ‘î ‡Œ —œË×°í …°ÚÅ ƒÖÀ€îª °Ì›Åº‘¦ÇÓϹ³ 3.Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …è㠍¥í€ÌÇÖ Ž€¥™Žé³. µ‘€ÇÕÅ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. —‘±Ò¢ —œ›Ö —œËװ퐴 ³€«Æ‘ …èã³Å, »ã‘ø¦™ —°‘ÞÕ™¿ ºÆòº¨×³À‘ŽÆ óÑ™‘ò ‡òñÅ ï×ãÅ °Ì›Åº‘¦™ ¥í€Ì À«ÓÖ 2 Ã°Ö 5% ƒÏ™Žé³. µ‘˜Ñ º±ÆÏþ Àª¥À‘î 󒿜ŠŽ€¥™Žé³.

‘ª¨×ãÅ:

þ‘¦Æ™€Ì ‘þ¥ ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Õè㠍‘ª¨×㿺±Æ‘Å. ƒ°ò ºÌ¿½ 4,500 ˆ™Ñ. ¨´³ —œ‘ÖÒ¿º¨Å žÑ‘Þ ×ª¥´ ±ÏÃÖ€ÒבÇÖ ‘ª¦Ö »ÌŽ™—‘¦è ¶€éÆ …¯¨. ƒ°î‘Ö ‚€î™‘Ìò œ´±Ì´±Ö »ÌŽ þ×€Òè µ€¥—ºìŽòéî.

ŸíìÒ‘ —œÖÒ þׯ¦Æ ƒ¥›è:

¾Å½‘Ñ:
‘ØÍÆ‘ì ¥þÒ‘¨ Ò™Å ƒ¥þÀ ‘ØÍ¿ ¾Åºª¦îÅ. ‚ì ¥Õè ½Å †Ñ ‡òº€°þÆ '½‘Ñ' ‡òé —œ‘Ö ê™Žé³. ¾Å½‘Ñ, ™‘Ò´±Ö ‡¿º¦ ƒÏ¹°³ ‡òº€° êÆ ºª¦îº‘€ÒÉÅ, Ò¿º±‘ÌÃÅ, À¬þÀ€ÒÉÅ …°ÚŽé³.

‘ØÍ¿¾Åºª¦îÅ-ÀÏÛѺ‘™Å, ºª¦î¿º‘™Å ‡òé ƒÏº±ã‘ ƒÏ¹°€°ÉÅ, þœ‘ÝÍò °€ÒµÌÀ‘ÚÅ, ³€éÍ µÌÀ‘ÚÅ, ׬´±Ö —‘¦ª¦ ºé¹°³. ºÒ µ‘ª¨ ׬ÑæÅ ±ÍÉÅ —°Ï™æÅ, Æ×î ƒÏ™€ÉÅ, ¯«Ž, þ‘×Òò, À¬þÀ€Ò ðÓþÆ‘Íò ב♀Çò ÙŽÆ ƒ¥À‘ ƒÏ¹°€°ÉÅ ƒÒ™ŽÆ›äò בÇÒ‘ êŽþé‘Å.

Žêø³ »é¿º°í Ãòþº —ºÏÅ ³€éÍ¿ ºª¦îÀ‘ Ø㛎Ƴ ‡òº€° '—ºÍ¿çø' ¸–ÕÅ, ê£Ñ ¥‘ÒÁÇò ¾þ‘ã™ ê¿½™äÓϹ³Å º‘Ó —À‘ÞÇÖ ‡à°¿ºª¥ ÁÓ¹° ÌœÍò þèØè ‡òé ¸–ÓÓϹ³Å —°ÍÆ×ÏŽé³. ºª¦î´°‘Íò ¶€î€× þº‘íìŠÍÀ‘ ¾Å½‘ÍÖ 12 µ‘ªè ØÝ‘™è —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žòéî. ´±€Ì À‘°´±Ö —ºãÑ«Á òì À™äÖ ¥ÓÖ ÿÌ‘¨×. òþé °Áݍ ÌŸÅ ÌŸ œ‘Ñ»Ö ØÆÌ›, Ï´°Ì›Å ƒ€œ ¶â¢, µ‘¥Å ðÓÆ€× µ¥´³Žé³. ˆà¶€Ò À‘¥Ãèã À‘䀍€Æ °Áݍ ÌŸ ª¦Éèã³. ±Ö Ò¿º±‘Ì ‘ªè ½€¥¿½¢ íº›ã‘ …èãî. ƒ› °Áݍ Ìò ŸíìÒ‘´ ³€éÇò ب±Éèã³.

µ‘˜Ñ:
µ‘¿ºª¦î´±í ×¥™þ 6 1/2 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ µ‘˜Ñ …èã³. ƒ¹³-ÃøÔÅ Šíì€À™ °€Ò¢é¹° ‡¨´³™‘ª¥‘ ƒÏ¿º³ µ‘˜Ñ. ùó‘Ì´ €œÆ³ õ‘Ö ù³ ×‘±Ñ Ó ¤œœ×‘Ë ‡òé ÃøÔÅ —ºÍÆ‘Ñ 17-‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö ¥™À‘ŽÆ ƒ¥Å '°Ñ‘' ‡î¿º¨Žé³. ƒ¹³™è ±ãØÖ ƒ› ×ÏŽòéîÑ. ƒ›þ ¥›ŽÇÏ™Å —ºÍÆ‘€Ì ƒ¹³™è 'µ‘˜Ñ ‚¯¥×Ñ' ‡òì ê¿»¨ŽòéîÑ.

µ‘˜Ñ ¹³–Í ØÝ‘ ÃøÔÅ ‚¯¨ —°‘¥›Å þº‘³ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. µ‘˜Ñ ‚¯¥×Ñ ƒé¹° µ‘è Ã°Ö 14 µ‘ªæ™ ƒÜØÝ‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. ƒ¹° ØÝ‘ µ×źÑ, ¦œÅºÑ À‘°›äÖ ×ÏÅ. ØÝ‘þ°± ‚¯¨ þ°‘ìÅ À‘ìÅ. ™‘Ò´±Ö µ‘ä°âäÖ ØãźÌÅ —×äÇ¥¿º¨Å.

¹³–Í´ ±ÏØÝ‘ØÖ º‘ËÀÌ™¿ºÖ þº‘ÒÚÅ þ°‘¬ þº‘ÒÚÅ ÀÌ´°‘ÕÅ ‘Ž°´°‘ÕÅ —œË° —º‘Å€Àè †Ñ×ÒÀ‘ ‡¨´³¢ —œÖÒ¿º¨Žòéî. ¥ÓÖ —œÖÕÅ ¿ºÖ€ã¿ ½ÆÓïòìÅ ‘íêïòìÅ µ‘˜Ñ ‚¯¥×þÌ ‘¿º‘íê €×€ã™ €ÌÇÖ þœÑ™Žé‘Ñ ‡òé µÅ»™€. ƒÜÛÑ À™ã‘ŽÆ ÀÌ™‘ÆͥŠþ×ÐòêÇÏ¿º°‘þÒþÆ ƒÜ×‘ì †Ñ×ÒÅ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. Šòº°‘Å µ‘è ØÝØÖ œ¹°î™˜¨ †Ñ×ÒÅ ¶àÅ. °Ñ‘€×¿ þº‘òé צ״±Ö €À´° ŠÏ þ°ÍÖ œ¹°îŠðÓÆ µìÀ«¿—º‘Ïèè þœÁ´³ €×™¿—ºíì, »é €×Æ‘ÚÅ µ‘˜Ñ ‚¯¥×Ñ œÀ‘±Çò ³ þº‘¥¿ºª¨ ×Þº¥ ×¹±Ï¿º×э晐 ×Ý›¿º¨Žòéî.

ÃøÔÅè ƒ´±ÏØÝ‘Øò þº‘³ …¯«‘þµ‘ò½ þÀ헍‘è×Ñ; ƒì± µ‘äÖ ¥Óíì —œòì °Å Ì›€ã™ àÚבэè. ƒ´±ÏØÝ‘Ú™ ƒ¹±Æ‘Øò ºÒ º±äÓϹ³Å, ƒÒ›€, ºÑÀ‘, ÀþҝƑ, Ì½ µ‘¨è ‚ŽÆ×íêÓϹ³Å 2 ƒÒªœÅ þºÑ µ‘˜Ï™ ×ÏŽòéîÑ. ×Ϻ×эè ÄÒÅ °Ñ‘Ú™ 10 ƒÒªœ´±í þÀíºª¥ ãÚ º«Å Ž€¥™Å. —œÒÚ þº‘ ×ÏבÇÖ ‡¤ŸÅ —°‘€ µ‘˜Ñ ‚¯¥×Íò ×ãÑ¿½™ Ý¹€°Æ‘î Ê¡¿ ‡òº‘Íò ב͟ã‘Ö 640 º›‘ ºŽÑ¹³ ‡¨´³™—‘è㿺¨Žé³.

µ‘˜Ñ ‚¯¥×Íò À€îØ, À™äò œÀ‘±ÉÅ °Ñ‘ØþÒþÆ …èãî. ØÆ‘Ý™ŽÝ€ÀäÖ ƒ› À™è ˜ª¥Å Á±Æ‘ ƒÏ™Žé³. ½é‘™€ã¿ ºé™Øª¨ ×Þº¨Å ÀéÉÅ ƒ› …¯¨. µ‘˜Ñ ‚¯¥×Ì‘ŽÆ œ‘Ö Â³, ÍÅÀ³ µ»Çò ×Þ´þ°‘òéÖ ‡òº³ ×ÌÒ‘ì. °¤€œ ‚¯¥ ¢Ÿ°¿º µ‘Æ™Íò ×Çíì ×Ӏƿ þº‘™Ž ×ñ€¥Æ þºÌ‘°Ì€×¿ —ºíì µ‘˜ÍÖ °›Žî‘Ñ. µ‘˜Ñ ‚¯¥×Ñ …ÇÑÿ´°»é µ‘˜ÍÖ ×Ï™´ °Ñ‘€×™ ª¦ €×´°þ°‘¨ ¹³–Í ØÝ‘¢ —œÒÚ™‘ ¶Ò›€ãÉÅ ¢Ÿ°¿º µ‘Æ™þÌ À‘ïÆŠت¦Ï™Žé‘Ñ.

°¤€œ€Æ ‚¯¥ ÀÌ‘ª¦Æ ÌœÑ »Ì°‘¿› ƒ¹° °Ñ‘Øò Ãòî‘Õèã 90 ¦ (28 ª¥Ñ) …ÆÌÃèã Áî‘Ñ Šò€é €À´±Ï™Žé‘Ñ. ƒ³ °ØÌ ƒòñÅ µ‘ò ˜¯¨è …èãî. ¥ÓÓϹ³ º‘Ñ´°‘Ö ƒ€× µò鑍 —°ÍÉÅ. °Ñ‘Ú™è þ‘Ç֍äÖ ‘«¿º¨×³ þº‘òé À¯¥ºÃÅ, ±Ï™éæÅ …èãî. µ‘˜Ñ ‚¯¥×Ñ ‘Ò´±Ö ב⹰ ¥¢Ÿ ×ÑîÑ, ×Ñ ¶€îב '¼Ñ À¯¥ºÅ' ‡òé Àòé´€° ª¦Éèã‘Ñ. À‘Ì‘ª¦Æ ÌœÑ ³ãó‘ó’, °Ñ‘Øò µ€¥Ã€é¢ —œÒÚ™‘ 6,000 ˆ™Ñ µò—œË ¶Ò´€° ×Ý›ŽÉèã‘Ñ. µ‘˜Ñ ‚¯¥Ñ °Ñ‘ ³ —º‘òî‘€¥ þº‘Ñ´³Å …Í€À ƒ¹³™æ™ ×Ý›¿º¨Žé³.

þ×ã‘›¯¬:
µ‘¿ºª¦î´±í —°íþ 10.Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ ¨€×Æ‘ì ¥Õ¥ò Ò™Á¥´±Ö …èã³. þº‘Ñ¢Ÿ™Æ ¿ºÖ ¥ÓÖ ™Ž òî‘ »òîÀ€¥Æ ƒÏ¹° þµÌ´±Ö €Ì —œòé‘Ö òïþÀÍ™ þ‘ÇÖ ‡¨¿þº‘Å ‡òì þׯ¦™ —‘¯¥°‘Ö Ž.». 1565 þ×ã‘›¯¬ÇÖ À‘°‘ ‚ÒÆÅ €À¹°³. '×Ñ þÒ§ø ¥‘›™' ‡òé ãÃÅ, µ¨´±ª¨Å Ýé €À¹° ‚þÌ‘™ŽÆ À‘°‘ ‚ÒÆÃÅ ‘«´°™ ƒ¥›è ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ ‚øª 30 —°‘¥›Ž, —œ¿¥ÅºÑ 8 ×€Ì ‚þÌ‘™ŽÆ À‘°‘Øò ¶€îב ƒÜÛÍÖ —ºÍÆ ±ÏØÝ‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

þ×ã‘›¯¬™, "€Ý µ‘ª¨ Õ–Ñ §ø" (Lourdes of the East) ‡òé —ºÆÑ …¯¨.

°Ì›Åº‘¦:
°Ì›Åº‘¦ÇÖ 'þ¥ïö þ‘ª€¥' ‘«´°¹° ƒ¥À‘Å. ƒ³ °Áݍ þ‘ª€¥ÇÓϹ³ þ×캪¥³. —×䵑ª¨™ ª¥¥™€ÒÇò Ý€ ‘«Ò‘Å. ƒÜÛÑ µ‘¿ºª¦î´±í 40 Ž.Â. ×¥™þÉÅ, ÀÇÒ‘¨³€é™ 30. Ž. ŽÝ™þÉÅ, ×›‘ã™ Ø͐¥‘™ ¥þÒ‘Ì´±Õèã ³€éÍ µÌÅ. °Ì›Åº‘¦ …¥Ö µÒ´³¥ò בâ×°íÍÆ é¹° †Ì‘ÚÅ ƒÏ¹³ ×ÏŽé³.

°Ì›Å ‡òº³ €Ò€ã™ ê™Å. ƒÜÛÍÖ ¥Ö €Òè ‹€œ µÆ´³¥ò º‘¦™ —‘¯¨ €Ì€Æ þÀ‘³Žé°‘Å. °î‘Ö ƒÜÛ€Ì '°Ì›Åº‘¦' ‡òì €Ý´°îÑ. ƒ¿—º‘Ï躥 ‰þÌ‘¿»ÆÑ ÒÏÅ ƒÜۀ̿ºíê Song of Tranquebar; waves of Tran quebor ‡òé °€Ò¿½äÖ ¸–íæ™Å ª¨€ÌæÅ ‡à±ÉèãîÑ. —°òﹱƑØÖ ŽÏ´³×Å ºÌ¿½Å °€Ò€ÀÇ¥À‘ÚÅ ƒÏ¹°³. ƒ›ŽÏ¹þ° ½—Ì‘ª¥‘ø¥‘¯ª À°Å ºÌØƳ. žòº‘Ö™ ‡òé —óÑÀ‘ïÆÑ °Á⠇ള™€ã —óÑÀïÇÖ —œËÆ —œ‘ÖÓ °Ì›Åº‘¦ÇÖ ¢ª¥‘Ñ. '½±Æ ˆíº‘¨' 1715-ƒÖ ƒ› ¢¥¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ¹µ‘äÖ ƒ¹µÌÅ íì–Ì‘ ƒÏ¿»ñÅ, º€ÝÆ ª¥¥›è, º‘Ý€¥¹³è㠝òè, þ¥ïö‘ÌÍò ½âºÌ¿½Å þ‘ª€¥, À¡±, þ‘Ç֍è, ºè䙘¥›è ‚ŽÆ€× ƒÜÛÍò —°‘ò€À€Æ —°ÍØ™Žòéî.

þ¥ïö ×ÑîÑ ×‘â¹° ƒ¥´±Ö ª¥¿ºª¨èã …¿ºã Õ×ҍÃÅ, þ¥ïö °ãº±É€¥Æ ƒÖÒ´±ò î´° Ÿ×эæÅ, þ¥òøºÑ™ þ‘ª€¥Çò ŽÝ™ À±ÓÖ €×™¿ºª¨èã º€ÝÆ ‘Ò´³´ ³¿º‘™ŽÉÅ, þ‘ª€¥ÆÏþ ¥þÒ‘Ì´±Ö žòº‘Ö™ ¶€îÚ òîÃÅ ‘«´°™€×.

1624-ƒÖ ƒ™þ‘ª€¥, þ¥ïö ŽÝ™Ž¹±Æ Å—ºïÆ‘Ì‘Ö —¥òÀ‘Ñ™ ÌœÏ™ Ø퍿ºª¥³. ƒ™þ‘ª€¥ ‰þÌ‘¿º‘ØÕèã þ‘ª€¥€ã¿ þº‘òé³. µ¨þ× ŠÏ ÃíéÅ, ŸíêÕÅ ºÒ ª¦¥›è, ×í€éƨ´³¢ —œ›íã‘Ö …ì±Æ‘™ ª¥¿—ºíé À±Öè. À±Öäò µ‘ò ĀҍäÕÅ ‘×Ö Ì¯è. ×í€é ¨´³ Þ™ã ‡òé €À¿»Ö ³ ª¥¿—ºíêÏ™Žé³. þ‘ª€¥™è þ¥ïö ×ÑîÍò À‘䀍ÉÅ, º€¥´°€Ò×Íò À‘䀍ÉÅ, —צ ÀϹ³™ Ž¥›Å, Žê´³× ‚ÒÆ›æÅ, Ÿ› Õ×ҍÃÅ €é¢œ‘€ÒÉÅ ƒÏ¹°î. ×Ñæ€¥Æ þ°€×™þíº, 1791 ×€Ì ºÒ °¥€× ƒ™—‘ª€¥ ±Ï´±Æ€À™¿ºª¥³. 1845-ƒÖ þ¥ïö‘ÌÑè »Íª§œ‘Ï™ 12 1/2 ƒÒªœÅ к‘Ë™ Øíìت¨ °›è µ‘¨ —œòìت¥îÑ.

þ‘¦Æ™€Ì ×îØÒ› ½Ó¥Å:
þ‘¦Æ™‘¨ þ×°‘̯ƴ³™´ —°íþ ƒÏ™Žé³. 10 Ž.Â. ÿã´³™Å 5 Ž. Ò´³™Å ¥Ñ¹³èã ƒ™‘¨ ƒÏÀÏ›ŽÕÅ ¥Ò‘Ö ¡Ý¿ºª¦Ï™Žé³. ƒ€°¢ ŸíêÕÅ …×ÑÀ¯ ƒÏ™Žé³. À€Ý €éב ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö, ÿ¯¥ òé ƒ€ÒÉèã ÀÌ›è ƒ› ×ãÏ×±Ö€Ò. º‘€Ò¿ºÝÅ, ³×ÌźÝÅ, —‘झ¿ºÝÅ þº‘òé Ò ‘ª¨¿ ºÝ›æÅ, €Ì, ŽÝ› ×€è ÒÚÅ, ž¹±Ö —‘¦ ‡òñÅ ÄÓ€ÉÅ, þ‘Þ³×€Ì ‡òé —‘ª€¥ÉÅ ¾€î™‘Ë¢™ —‘ª€¥ÉŠê½°ÑæÅ ƒ™‘ª¦Ö À¯¦™ Ž¥™Žòéî.

ƒ› ×€ÌÆ‘¨ (Black Buck) ‡òé À‘ò ƒîÃÅ, ½èäÀ‘ñÅ, ±€Ì, µÍ ðÓÆ ØÒ›è …èãî. ƒ™‘¨ œ³¿½ ¶Ò´±Ö ƒÏ™Žé³. ‚ìæ™Å ¥Õ™Å ƒ€¥¿º¥ …¿º›ÞäÖ ¾µ‘€Ì —œ›‘, µ‘€Ì, ×™‘, ˜Ý™¥‘, ÌØ, …ÖÒ‘ò þº‘òé ºé€× ƒî›€ã ‰¿º À‘°Å Ã°Ö €°À‘°Å ×€Ì ‘«Ò‘Å.

ƒ›è㠍‘¨äÖ (type one para) ŠÏ×€¿ºé€× (Flamingo) þ‘¦Æ™€Ì™ µ×ÅºÑ Ã°Ö ˆ¿ÌÖ ×€Ì ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ ×¹³ —œÖŽé³. ƒ³ ×¿½ ¶éÃÅ, ÝŽÆ þ°‘íéÃÅ —‘¯¥³. µ‘ò¦ …ÆÌÅ, ÿ¯¨ ŸÏ›ŽÆ ‘֍è, Ý‘Ë þº‘òé ׀㹰 Ý´³, ‚́ÀÌ …¯®Å °ò€À, Ší€é™‘ÓÖ ¶òì —‘¯þ¥ …雐Š‚íéÖ ƒ´°€Æ ƒÆÖ½è ¶€é¹°³. þ‘¦Æ™€ÌÇÖ ¥þÒ‘Ì´±Õèã µ¯¨ ƒî›äÖ œ‘€é™ ¦™þ× ƒ€× ƒ› ×ÏŽòéî.

À‘ת¥´±ò ÙŽÆ †Ñè:

‚™˜Ñ: °Ì›Åº‘¦™¢ —œÖÕÅ ×ÞÇÖ ƒÜÛÑ ƒÏ™Žé³. '°‘ò þ°‘òêÀ‘¥Å' ‡òº³ ƒ›èã þ‘ÇÓò —ºÆÑ. þœ‘ÝÑè ±Ï¿º¬ —œË±™ŽòéîÑ.

—‘èä¥Å: ‘ØÍÇò ±À‘î ÿ€Ì —‘èæ×°‘Ö '—‘èä¥Å' ‡î¿ºª¥³. µìÀ«¿ —º‘ÏèæÅ, €°Ò›è —œËÆÚÅ, À‘€ÒäÖ ª¥¿º¨Å '—ת¦þ×Ñ' ƒ›ŽÏ¹³ ˆíìÀ± —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³.

À‘Ì‘ó‘½ÌÅ: ƒÜÛÍÓϹþ° À‘Ì‘ó½ÌÅ Øø×µ‘°ËÆÑ, œ¹°‘îÅ þº‘òé ½â—ºíé º‘¥Ñè °Áݍ´±í —°ÍÆ×¹°îÑ.

žÑ‘Þ: þœ‘Ýэ‘Ò´±þÒþÆ —ºÏ€À —ºíé µÌÀ‘ Ø㛎Ƴ. þ°×‘ÌÅ ÏäÆ Ä×Ïè ŠÏ×Ì‘î ±Ï£‘îœÅº¹°Ñ »é¹° †Ñ ƒÜÛÑ €×´²ø×Ìò þ‘ÇÕ™ 7 Ž. ץ™þÉÅ, °ÅºÌ´³™ 18 Ž. —°íþÉÅ ƒ´°ÒÅ ƒÏ™Žé³. °ÁÞ€œ ÃÅÀ¬æè ƒÏÀ¬ã‘î ô³´°‘¯×ÏÅ, Ï«‘œÒ™ØÌ‘ÆÏÅ ƒÜÛþÌ. žÑ‘Þ þ‘ÇÖ Ä×Ì‘ÕÅ º‘¥¿—ºíé³. ƒ¹±Æ ¸–Ò´ ƒÒ™´±ò °¹€° ‡ø. ‚Ñ. —Ì›µ‘°ñÅ ƒ€œÉÒŽÖ ½â—ºíé þ‘ع°Ì‘óî‘ÕÅ ƒÜÛÑ ½Ý€¥¹°³. °í‘Ò´±Ö —ºÏµñÅÌ‘ ØÍ×€¥¹³èã³.

—°ò±ÏÃÖ€ÒבœÖ: œÅº¹°Ì‘Ö º‘¥¿—ºíé °ÒÅ. žÑ‘ÞÇÓϹ³ 15Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …è㠍¥í€ÌÊÌ‘Å. 1941 ×€Ì ³€é͵Ì‘ÚÅ ƒÏ¹°³. ‚ÍÆÑ ºÇí ºèä ƒ›èã³. ŽÏö«þ°×Ì‘ÆÑ ‘Ò —œ¿½ ºª¥Æ›è ƒ›èãî. À‘ב€œÇÕÅ, ŽÌ« µ‘ªäÖ À™è ƒ› ×¹³ ±ÏÃà™¢ —œËבэè.

€×´²ø×Ìò þ‘ÇÖ: '½èäÏ™Å þ×çÑ' ‡òì ƒÜÛ€Ì þ°×‘ÌÅ ê¿»¨Žé³. ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÖ ×ñ™¿—ºÆÑ €×´±Æµ‘°Ñ. ƒ›èã Ãύñ™, —œÖ×ô³™À‘Ìœ‘Á ‡òì —ºÆÑ. —œÜב˙ ŽÌÀ‘ŽÆ ›‘̍ñ™ …ÍÆ °ÒÀ‘ ƒÜÛÑ …èã³. ƒ™þ‘ÇÖ °ÏÀ½Ì ‚²î´±ò â ×ÏŽé³.

±Ï—ׯ‘¨: žÑ‘ÞÇÓϹ³ 11 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ ƒÜÛÑ …èã³. þ°×‘Ì´°‘Ö º‘¥Ö—ºíé °ÒÅ. À¬×‘œÏÅ ƒ´°Ò´³ —ºÏÀ‘€î º‘¦¿ºÌØÉèã‘Ñ. ±Ö€ÒÇí þº‘Òþ× ƒ›Å µ¥Ì‘œœ€º €À¹±Ï™Žé³. ½°ñ™´ °ïþ‘ÇÕÅ, Ò¿º±‘ÌÅ ˜ìÅ ¡ÍƐ¯¥Å-þœ‘À¯¥Å ‡òñÅ ã›è ƒ›¯¨. ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÕè㠁þ‘ÌÙ̺´±ÌÏ™ £‘Çì ƒÌØÖ ¾€œ —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³. 1950 ‚¯¨ ƒ™þ‘ÇÖ ½€°—º‘Ïè ‚ËÚ —œË° þº‘³, …ҍ¿½â—ºíé þœ‘ÝѺ‘¬ —œ¿½´ ±ÏþÀïã‘î ½°ò, Ñ´° µ‘Ο×ÌÑ ±ÏÚÏ×›è ‡¨™¿ºª¨ °¤€œ €Ò™˜¥´±í —œòì ت¥³. ƒòìÅ › À‘—°‘Ï º‘€î ¯¨ ÀŽÝÒ‘Å.

—œÅ—º‘òî‘Ñ þ‘ÇÖ: ƒÜÛÑ ÀÇÒ‘¨³€éÇÓϹ³ °Ì›€ þº‘Å ×ÞÇÖ 8.Ž. —°‘€ÒÇÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. þ°×‘Ì Ä×Ì‘ÕÅ º‘¥ °ÒÅ. þœ‘Ý Àòîэäò —×íê ¶€îב €À¹° ƒ™þ‘ÇÖ, µ‘Æ™ Àòîэã‘Ö ½³¿»™¿ºª¥³. ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÖ ÝŽÆ —œ¿½ ؙ̍›æÅ, —‘¦×ª¥ÃÅ, Ö—ת¨Å ê¿»¥´°™€×.

´°‘ÒÅ: ÀÇÒ‘¨³€é™ —°òþÀíþ 10.Ž. —°‘€ÒØÓÏ™Žé³. —µÖב¬Å ƒ› ÙŽÆ´ —°‘ÞÖ. þ°×‘Ì Ä×Ì‘ÕÅ º‘¥¿ºª¥´°ÒÅ. þœ‘ÝÑè ª¦Æ Äòì þ‘ØÖè ƒ› …èãî. ±Ö ŠÏ þ‘ÇÓò —ºÆÑ: '—œ‘òî×‘ì ê×‘Ñ þ‘ÇÖ'. ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÖ …èã À«™þ‘Ò µ‘°Ñ ±ÏþÀïÉÅ; œ¯¦Ÿ×ÏÅ —œÅ»Æò À‘þ°Ø ±Ï¿º¬ ‘« þׯ¦Æ€×.

±Ï™¥ÛÑ: ÀÇÒ‘¨³€é °Ì›Åº‘¦ œ‘€ÒÇÕèã ƒ¹° ƒÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆ´±í ±Ï™€¥ÊÑ ‡òìÅ °Ò´³™ ±Ï™¥ÛÑ ‡òìÅ —ºÆÑ. ƒÜÛÑ þ‘ÇÖ þ°×‘Ì Ä×Ì‘Ö º‘¥¿—ºíé³. ×—ºÏÀ‘ïò ö¥Ù̪¥ °Ò›æè Šòì. ‘Ҝō‘Ì ÄÑ´±ÉÅ ‡Ï€ÀÉ¥ò ˜¿»Æ €—Æ‘¨ ¶íÅ ÆÀñÅ, »Ì‘À ÅÀò þ‘ÇÕÅ ƒ› ‘«´°™€×. ƒ´°Ò´±Ö ‡à¹° œÀÆ ƒÒ™ŽÆÅ: »Ì‘Á ¹°‘±.

±Ö€ÒÆ‘¦: ƒÜÛÑ °Ì›Åº‘¦ ÏŽÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. °ÁÞ€œ™´ °ÌÀ‘î º‘¥Ö€ã´ °¹° Ï«‘œÒ™ ØÌ‘ÆÑ »é¹°³ ƒÜÛþÌ. —°òî‘¿»Í™‘ØÖ ‘¹±Æ¦æ¥ò þº‘Ì‘¦Æ ±Ö€ÒÆ‘¦ ×èäÆÅ€À »é¹°³Å ƒ¹°ÛÑ°‘ò. ×èäÆÅ€À€Æ ¶€îÚ ˜ÏŠÍÀ‘ ¶€îÚ À¯¥ºÅ €À™¿ºª¨èã³.

×àÛÑ: ÀÇÒ‘¨³€éÇÓϹ³ ‡ª¨ Ž.». —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. µ‘ª¦Æ þÀ€° ×àÛÑ Ì‘€ÀËÆ‘»è€ã »é¹°³Å ƒÜÛþÌ. þ°×‘Ì´±Ö ê¿»¥¿ºª¥ €×¿½´°ÒÅ. ƒ›èã þ‘ØÓÖ »ªœ‘¥«Ñ ±ÏÚÏ×ÃÅ, Ãύò ±ÏÚÏ×ÃÅ, ‰¹³ ²Ñ´°›æÅ, À‘À´°òì ¶àÅ óœÅ‘Ì ±ÏØÝ‘ÚÅ ‘«´°™€×.

ÀÇÒ‘¨³€é: °¤€œ-—œò€î ×ÞÇÖ …èã ÙŽÆÀ‘î ƒÌÇÖ °¥´±Ö …èã³ ƒÜÛÑ. ƒ€éØ ÀÇÒ‘ ‚¦Æ ‘ØÍ´ ³€éÇÖ ƒÜÛÑ €À¹°°‘Ö ÀÇÒ‘¨³€é ‡î €Ý™¿ºª¥³. þœ‘ÝÑ ‘Ò´±í »òîÑ ƒÜÛÑ ×¥—À‘Þ —ºÆÑ—ºíì 'À‘ÊÌÅ' ‡òé‘î³. »òîÑ °ÁÝê£Ñè þº‘Ì‘¦ º€ÝÆ —ºÆ€Ì ¶€Òµ‘ª¦îÑ. °ÁÞÖ Ã°Ö µ‘×Ö º€¥´° þ×°µ‘ƍŠ»è€ã ƒÜÛÍîþÌ ‚בÑ.

‘ØÍÇò ×¥€ÌÇÖ ×èãÒ‘Ñ þ‘ÇÖ, ³Ò‘ª¥ À¯¥º´°Ïþ ؟׵‘°Ñ þ‘ÇÖ, œÅº¹°Ñ º‘¦Æ ÀÊ̵‘°Ñ þ‘ÇÖ, °ò …ªþ‘ÇÕÅ Ï«ŽÍ µ‘°Ñ º‘¥Ö —ºíé³À‘ŽÆ ÀÌ™ª¥€ã ‡òé þ‘Ç֍æÅ ƒ›¯¨.

‚¦ 18-ÕÅ ‰¿º À‘°´±Ö 30 µ‘ªäÕÅ ƒ›þ ‘ØÍ™€ÌÇÖ ºÖÒ‘ÇÌÅ À™è ÿÌ‘¨×Ñ. ‰¿º À‘°´±ò €¥ µ‘äÖ-€¥ Í´°òì Ãà×Ñ. òì ×ÌæƑ°×Ñè ‘Ñ´±€ Ã°Ö µ‘äÖ Ãà×Ñ ò€éÆ —ºÆÑ: 'Ã¥×ò Ãà™ µ‘è'.

µ‘¿ºª¦îÅ: 1782-Ã°Ö µ‘¿ºª¦î´€°´ °€ÒµÌ‘™—‘¯¨, »Íª¦õ‘Ñ °¤€œ À‘ת¥´€° ‚ã´—°‘¥›ŽîÑ. 1844- µ‘¿ºª¦î´±Ö Ñ¢. ¡€œÆ¿ºÑ ÖÕ–Í —°‘¥›¿ —ºíé³. 1861 µ‘€ÇÓϹ³ °¤€œ™ ƒÌÇÖº‘€° þº‘¥¿ºª¥³. 1866 ƒÖ µÌ‘¯€À™ ÝÅ ¶ì׿ºª¥³.

—°òï¹±Æ ƒÌÇÖþ×Çò —°‘Þ혥ŠºÒ ‚¯¨è µ‘€ÇÖ ƒÏ¹°³. 1928-ƒÖ ƒ´—°‘Þ혥Š±Ï¢€Æ ¨´° —º‘òÀ€Ò™ À‘í鿺ª¥³. ƒ°ò Ø€ãב —°‘ÞÒ‘ãÑè µ‘€ÇÓϹ³ —º‘òÀ€Ò™ —œòéîÑ. ƒ›ŽÏ¹° ºÒÑ ÀþÒÆ‘, ›¿¾Ñ µ‘¨æ™ —œòìت¥îÑ. °í™‘Ì«Å Ÿ°¹±Ì´±í »é ºÒÃ€é ½ÆÒ‘ ƒÜÛÑ º‘±™¿ºª¥³°‘ò. 1941 ™¿»é µ‘€ ³€éÍ´±ò ÙŽÆ´³×´€° ƒÝ¹°³. ¹° ƒ¥´€° ³–´³™¦ —ºíé³.

¥¢Ÿ ‚ªÇò êêã‘ —œÇª¼ª¥Ñ þ°×‘ÒÆÅ, ù‘Ò¯¨ º›ã‘, 20 ¦ …ÆÌÃèã —‘¦ÀÌÅ, ¥¢ŸÀ‘Ñ—ª, ù‘Ò‘¯¨ þÌ‘¨ þº‘òé€× ƒòéãÚÅ …èãî.

×Ó×ÒÅ þ°Ñ º‘Ó—¥™ï™ °íþº‘³ ½â—ºíì Ø㛐Š—°‘ÞíºÇí ¶ì×îÅ ‚Å.

µ‘€ º‘¥Ö—ºíé °ÒÅ œ¿° Ø¥›Ñ °Ò›æè ƒ³ Šòì. ƒ€é×ò —ºÆÑ ‘Æ‘þÌ‘«œ‘Á, ÅÀò: ÿÒ‘Æ °‘ª, ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÖ µ×™ŽÌ›è Æ‘ÚÅ þÀí þµ‘™ŽÇÏ™Žòéî. €×‘ »ÌþÀ‘íœ×ÃÅ, ‚¦¿¾Ì´°òì ¼›‘ò Ì° ØÝ‘ØÕÅ ƒ› ‘«´°™€×.

™Ö: µ‘€ÇÓϹ³ 5Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. œÅº¹°Ñ º‘¥Ö —ºíé °ÒÅ. ™Ö ›‘Ì þ×Òò þ‘ØÖ ‡à¶€Ò À‘¥ÃÅ 80 ¦ …ÆÌÃèã þ‘½ÌÀ‘ ƒÏ™Žé³. ƒ›èã °› ÀÇÕÅ, °› ‚ª¨™Ž¥‘ בîÃÅ ‘«´°™€×. ×—ºÏÀ‘ò, ›‘Ìþ×ÒÑ ±ÏÚÏ×›è ª¨À€ÒÇò þÀÕèãî. ¹°œö¦, ‘Ñ´±€ ØÝ‘™€ã ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ —‘¯¥‘¥¿ºª¨ ×ÏŽé³.

‡ª¨™¦: ‡ª¦ÀÌ›è ¶€é¹° ‘¨è ƒÏ¹°°‘Ö '‡ª¨™¦' ‡òé —ºÆÑ —ºíé³. µ‘€™ —°òþÀíþ 25 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. Ï«ŽÍµ‘°Íò º‘¥Ö —ºíé³. ‡ª¨™¦™ þ‘ÇÓÖ Ãύ€î´ °‘›Å ÀÇÓò …Ï×Å ÖÓÖ ƒÏ¹° þº‘³Å ÀÇÇò ‘Öè îÁòê —Àò€ÀÆ‘ ƒÏ¿º³ ‘«´°™³. ƒ³ ŠÏ ÍÆ þ×€Ò¿º‘¥‘Å.

ƒÒ›€ÇÕè㠍±Ñ‘ÀÅ, ±Ï™þ²¢ŸÌÅ, ±Ï™þ‘«À€Ò ÄòìÅ ƒ¹±Æ´°ÁÝÍò „¨º‘ª¨™ÍÆ °Ò›ã‘ ƒÏ¿º€× þº‘Ò, „Ý´°ÁÝÑ ×Þº¨Å °Áⵑª¨™ þ‘Ç֍æè °ÅºÌÅ, þ×°‘̯ÆÅ, ‡ª¨™¦, ±Ïבқ‘¨ ‚ŽÆ µ‘òÅ ÙŽÆÀ‘î€×.

þ×°‘̯ÆÅ: ×¥—À‘ÞÇÖ À‘íé—ºíé †Ñ —ºÆэäÖ ƒ¹° †ÏÅ Šòì ƒ› À‘òè ±Å ƒÏ¹°°‘Ö º¯€¥Æ™ ‘Ò´±Ö ƒÜÛ€Ì '±ÏÀ€Ì™‘¨' ‡òì €Ý™¿ºª¥³. ƒ€Ì …«Ì‘° þ×íì—À‘ÞÇîÑ 'À€Ì'€Æ À€é ‡î™ —‘¯¨ þ×°Å + ‚̯ÆÅ = þ×°‘̯ÆÅ ‡òì °›è þº‘™™ ˆíº À‘íê ت¥îÑ. þ×°‘̯ÆÅ, µ‘€ÇÓϹ³ 55 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÕèã³ ×ò À«×‘ãŸ×‘ÁÆ‘ ´±ÆÏ™ ‘ª —‘¨´° ƒ¥Å ‡òº³ ‰²Å. ±Ïµ‘Ú™ÌœÑ 11 º‘¥Öè º‘¦ ƒ™þ‘ÇÓò °€× ±é¹°³Å; £‘îœÅº¹°Ñ º‘¦Æ º‘ª¥‘Ö Ä¦™—‘¯¥°‘™ ˜ê ƒ¹¶â¢€Æ ´°Í™Å ¾ª¨Å ±ÏØÝ‘ À‘À‘°´±Ö µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

Ƒ⿺‘«´°‘Ñ ƒ™þ‘ÇÕ™ ¶€éÆ ±Ï¿º¬ —œË±Ï™Žé‘Ñè ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÖ œÌŸ×± €ÇÖ Ù€«Çòê ˆ¨Àª¨Å ƒÏ¿º³, µ×™ŽÌ›è ŽÝ€À ×Í€œ¿º¦ ŠþÌ þµÑþ‘ª¨ ×Í€œÇÖ ¨´°¨´³ ƒÏ¿º³, þœ‘ÝÑ ×ÌÒ‘í€é™ ˜ìÅ 84 Ö—ת¨™è ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÖ …èãî.

ƒ› ‘« þׯ¦Æ€×: À̍° ½Øï Ø¥›Ñ, ƒÌ‘ÀÑ ×Þºª¥Ó›Å, þ°‘º¶õ´€° ƒÆíêÆ µþ°Ñ °×Å —œË° ƒ¥Å, ؟בÁ´±Ì ²Ñ´°Å, þ°Ñ ðÓÆ€×.

1930-‚¯¨ œÑ°‘Ñ þ×°Ì´±îÅ »è€ã °€Ò€ÀÇÖ Ì‘ó‘ó’ '…¿½ œ´±Æ‘ŽÌÅ' —œË° ƒ¥À‘î°‘Ö ƒ¹±Æ‘ Ãà׳Šƒ¹° †€Ì¿ºíê —œË± ºÌØƳ. Âò, …¿½, Á㍑Ë, ‘ˍêè, Ú°‘Í, À‘źÝŠðÓÆî ƒÜÛÍÓϹ³ ˆíìÀ±Æ‘Žé³.

´±Æ‘Å ºèä: ƒÜÛÑ þ×°‘̯ƴ±ÓϹ³ 2 1/2 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÕè㠍¥í€ÌÊÑ. ƒ›°‘ò …¿½ œ´±Æ‘ŽÌÅ µ¥´°¿ºª¥³. °í‘î ¶€îÚ´³–ò ƒ› ª¥¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ› ´±ÆÏ™ ŠÏ þ‘ØÖ …¯¨.

þ‘¦Æ™€Ì: þ×°‘̯ƴ±ÓϹ³ 11 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÕèã³. °‘ÒÁ ‡òé —×䵑ª¨ ‚ÍÆÑ ƒÜÛ€Ì °Å º€¥¿»Ö ê¿»ª¨èã‘Ñ. —×è€ã™‘ÌÑè ƒÜÛ€Ì (Point Calimore) º‘Çòª ‘ÓþÀ‘Ñ ‡òì —ºÆͪ¥îÑ.

×¥™þ ƒÏ¹³ —°í þµ‘™Ž¢ —œ›´°‘ ×¹³ —‘¯¦Ï™Å µÀ³ ¥í€Ì ƒ¹° ÀîÇÖ þµÑ þ‘«À‘ þÀí þµ‘™Ž¢ —œÖÒ´ —°‘¥›Žé³. þ‘¦™€ÌÇÖ ‘€ÒÇÖ €Ý™¥ÓÖ ±Ì×ò þ°‘òì×€°ÉÅ, À‘€ÒÇÖ —°í™ ¥ÓÖ ¡ÍÆò À€é×€°ÉÅ º‘Ñ™Ò‘Å. ƒ³þº‘òé ‘ª€Æ òïÆ‘ÀÍÇÖ Àª¨Å°‘ò º‘Ñ™Ò‘Å. ¥í€ÌÇÖ ÿÌ‘¥, ‚¦, €° À‘ב€œäÖ À™è —ºÏ›˜ª¥À‘ ×ÏŽòéîÑ. 22 ‚¯¨æ™ ŠÏ Ã€é ¶àÅ Ñ´þ°‘´±ÌÆ ØÝ‘×òì ¥ÓÖ ÿÌ‘¨×³ é¿º‘™ Ï°´°™³. ¨´° ØÝ‘ Ž.». 2006.ƒÖ µ¥™Å.