—º‘³ غÌÅ:

À‘ת¥´ °€ÒµÑ µ‘À™Ö. ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò ºÌ¿ºãÚ 3,428 œ.Ž.Â; À™è —°‘€; À€ÝÆãÚ; 749.3 Á.Á.; ‚ìè: ‘ØÍ;

…è㑪 ¶ÑבÅ:
µÌ‘ª - 4; µ‘À™Ö, ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨, À‘̺‘€ãÆÅ, ƒÌ‘½ÌÅ; þºÐÌ‘ªè - 20; º¤œ‘Æ´³™è - 33;

×Ï×‘Ë ¶ÑבÅ: þ‘ª¥›è - 2; ת¥›è - 4;

œª¥œ€º´ —°‘±è - 6: µ‘À™Ö, »ÒÑ À€Ò, ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨, œ›ŽÍ, þœ¹°À›ÒÅ, ƒÌ‘½ÌÅ.

º‘Ì‘æÀòé´ —°‘±è - 2: ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨, ƒÌ‘½ÌÅ.

ÖØ: —°‘¥™ ¶€Ò ºèäè - 810
µ¨¶€Ò ºèäè - 63
…ÆѶ€Ò ºèäè - 70
þÀÖ¶€Ò - 84
ÖՖ͍è - 5

—°‘Þ휑€Òè:
€´°ê ÀíìŠ؀œ´°ê, Ò‘Í º‘¦ ª¨°Ö, —º‘êÇÆÖ —°‘Þ֍è, þ‘Þ ×ãÑ¿½ ÀíìŠê€¥ …íº´±. —ºÍÆ —°‘Þ휑€Òè - 30; ì ÀíìÅ µ¨´°Ì ‚€Òè - 14,500;

þº‘™×Ì´³:
þº‘™×Ì´³ בî›è - 12,027. Áï þºÏ¹³è - ŸÀ‘Ñ 89; °Áݍ´±þÒþÆ ± Áï þºÏ¹³è ƒÆ™¿º¨Å À‘ת¥Å;

ŸíìÒ‘ ƒ¥›è:
—‘ÖÓ À€Ò, ‚‘Æ ›€ ÏØ (…ÆÌÅ 130 ¦); µ‘À™Ö þ‘ª€¥ þ‘Ç֍è;

×Þº‘ª¨ €ÀÆ›è:
µ‘À™Ö ‚¤œþµÆÑ þ‘ÇÖ, ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨ Ñ´°µ‘Îø×ÌÑ þ‘ÇÖ, ‘俺ª¦ ý¹°œ‘Á þ‘ÇÖ, —‘ÖÓÀ€Ò é¿ºåø×ÌÑ þ‘ÇÖ.

À‘ת¥´±Ö ê¿»¥´°™þ‘Ñ:
µ‘À™Ö À‘ת¥´±Ö »é¹³ °ÁݍŠÃà׳ŠÀ«Å ÙŸÅ ÀÒэè: µ‘À™Ö Ø£Ñ ƒÌ‘ÀÓ›Å »è€ã; —×è€ãÆ€Ì ‡±Ñ´³ À¦¹° À‘ÙÌò ²Ìò òîÀ€Ò; þÀ‘ñ–Ñ Ø£Ñ Ž.ב.ó;

À‘ת¥ ×ÌÒ‘ì:
—‘› µ‘ª¦ò º±Æ‘ ×ÌÒ‘ì Ãà׳ŠƒÏ¹³èã³. °©Ñ ±ÆÀ‘òäò ‚ª¿ º±ÇÕÅ »òîÑ —‘› þœ‘ÝÑ, ›Ñ, µ‘Æ™Ñ, ±¿½ŸÖ°‘ò ðÓþÆ‘Íò ‚怍Çò â ƒÏ¹°³. »Íª§ö ŽÝ™Ž¹±Æ™ Å—ºï º€¥™Å, ±¿½ ŸÖ°‘ñ™Å ƒ€¥þÆ 1792ƒÖ µ€¥—ºíé þº‘€Ì´ —°‘¥Ñ¹³ ŠÏ Š¿º¹°Å ˆíºª¥³. ƒ°ò ¦¿º€¥ÇÖ ±¿½ŸÖ°‘ï¥Å ƒÏ¹³ —ºé¿ºª¥ º±€ã™ —‘¯¨ "º‘ÌÀù‘Ö ÀíìÅ þœÒÅ" À‘ת¥Å 1792ƒÖ …Ïב™¿ºª¥³. °ÑÀ½Í À‘ת¥´±ò —ºÏź‘Ò‘î º±€ã™ —‘¯þ¥ º‘ÌÀù‘Ö (12 œÀø°‘è) ÀíìÅ þœÒÅ À‘ת¥´±ò Ò º±è ƒ±Ö ¥›ŽÇϹ°î.

Ò ‚¯¨æ™¿ »é ƒ³ ŽÏö«ŽÍ€Æ´ °€ÒµÌ‘™ —‘¯¥ º‘ÌÀù‘Ö ‡òìÅ, þœÒ´€°´ °€ÒµÌ‘™ —‘¯¥ °‘ҍ‘ª À‘ת¥Å ‡òìÅ ƒÌ¯¥‘¿ »Í™¿ºª¥³. 1801ƒÖ ƒ€× ƒÌ¯¨Å Šòꀫ™¿ºª¥³. »òîÑ 1808ƒÖ ƒ.‚Ñ.ù‘ÑŽþÌÜ À‘ת¥ ‚ª´ °€Ò×Ì‘ ƒÏ¹°þº‘³ ƒ³ þœÒÅ À‘ת¥Å ‡î¿ —ºÆÑ À‘íéÅ —œËÆ¿ºª¥³. À‘ת¥´ °€ÒµÑ °ÑÀ½ÍÇÖ ƒÏ¹³ þœÒ´±í 1830ƒÖ À‘í鿺ª¥³. —°‘¥Ñ¹³ Ò ‚¯¨è °€ÒµÑ ‹¡Ï™ À‘í鿺ª¥‘ÕŘ¥, 1860ƒÖ ‚ª´ °€Ò×Ñ Õ×ҍŠ¯¨Å þœÒ´±í À‘í鿺ª¥³. 1965ƒÖ þœÒ´±Ö ƒÏ¹³ þœÑ×Ì‘Æò À€ÒÇò ×¥™ŽÖ …èã º±è °ïÆ‘¿ »Í™¿ºª¨, °ÑÀ½Í À‘ת¥Å ½±Æ°‘ …Ïב™¿ºª¥³. 1996, þÀ À‘°Å þœÒÅ À‘ת¥´±ÓϹ³ 'µ‘À™Ö' À‘ת¥Å …Ïב™¿ºª¥³.

À‘ת¥´±ò À€Ò×ãÅ:
µ‘À™Ö, ƒÌ‘½ÌŠðÓÆ º±äÖ ºÌØÆ À€Ò€ã '°‘֍‘ª À€Òè' ‡òì €Ý™ŽòéîÑ. ƒ› º¢€œÀ€Ò, —‘ÖÓÀ€Ò, »ÒÀ€Ò, ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨ À€Ò, þœÑ×Ì‘Æïò ŠÏ º± ‚ŽÆ€× ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò º±ã‘Å.

ï×ãÅ:
±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨, µ‘À™Ö À‘ת¥›äÖ Ÿ¯«‘Ž™Ö Ž€¥™Žòé³. ƒÌœ‘Æî¿ —º‘Ïè€ã …íº´± —œËÉÅ —°‘Þ휑€Ò™ ƒ³ ºÆòº¨Žé³. µ‘À™Ö ת¥´±Ö 'Öµ‘Ñ' Ž€¥™Žé³.

þ×㑯€À:
‘ØÍÇò ÙŽÆ ³€«Æ‘é‘î œÌº› µ±, ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨ ת¥´±Ö …èã ºÒ ˆÍ€ã ¶Ì¿½Žé³. ƒ°ò ÃÒÅ ƒ¿º±ÇÖ Øל‘ÆÅ —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³. µ‘À™Ö, ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨ ת¥›äÖ À¯×ãÅ, —ºÏź‘ÕÅ —œÅÀ¯ ¶ÒÀ‘þ× €À¹³èã³. íÒ º±äÖ ê°ãÚ ÏÀ¯ ¶ÒÅ €À¹³èã³. þÀ‘ñ–Ñ, ºÌÀ´±, »ÒÑ À€Ò ‚ŽÆ º±è ‘ØÍ ÿÑ¿º‘œîÅ —ºìŽòéî. þÀª©Ñ ‘ÖבÇî‘Ö ‡¥¿º‘¦, ºè俺‘€ãÆÅ º±è ÿѺ‘œî ל± —ºíìèãî. —‘ÖÓÀ€Ò¿ º±ÇÖ ŸÀ‘Ñ 3000 ˆ™Ñ ¶Ò¿º±è ‚íì¿ º‘œî ל±€Æ¿ —ºíìèãî. ˆÍ, ãÅ, Ž«ìè ÃÒÅ ƒÜþ×㑯 »ÍØÖ 1, 31, 636 ˆ™Ñ ¶Ò¿º±è ÿÑ¿º‘œî ל± °ØÌ, ˆ€îÆ º±è —ºÏź‘ÕÅ ÿÑ¿º‘œî´±í À€Ý€Æ þµ‘™ŽÉèãî. µ‘À™Ö þ×㑯€À¿ »ÍÚ ¶Ò¿º±äÖ —µÖ, ÏŽ, þœ‘ãÅ, Å½, þâ×̐, ¶Ò™¥€Ò, ºÏ´± ‚ŽÆ€× ºÇÍ¥¿º¨Žòéî. ƒ¿»ÍØÖ 63189 º‘œî™ Ž«ìè …èãî.

—°‘Þ֍è:
þÀ‘ñ–ÍÖ œÑ™€Ì´ —°‘Þ휑€Ò µ€¥—ºíì ×ÏŽé³. ºè云€ãÆ´±Ö —ºÍÆ ‘Ž°´ —°‘Þ휑€Ò ƒÆ›Ž ×ÏŽòé³. ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨, À‘̺‘€ãÆÅ ‚ŽÆ ƒ¥›äÖ —ºÍÆ ¸–í½ ‚€Òè µ€¥—ºíì ×ÏŽòéî.

Ò‘Í º‘¦ ª¨°Ö:
µ‘À™Ö, °íþº‘³ Ò‘Í º‘¦ ª¨°Ö, ¦Ì™è, ¥‘›Ñ Ò‘Í ŠÏ›Ž€«´°Ö þº‘òé º¬äò ŠÏ ÙŽÆ €ÀÆÀ‘´ ±âŽé³. µ‘À™ÖÓÖ ƒÏ™Å ŠÜ—×‘Ï ¨ÅºÃÅ ƒ´ —°‘ÞÓÖ þµÌ¦Æ‘þב ÖÒ³ À€éÍÀ‘þב „¨ºª¦Ï™Žé³. µ‘À™Ö µÌ´±í ‡¿þº‘³ —œòé‘ÕÅ ŸÀ‘Ñ ŠÏ ÒªœÅ ґ͍è, ˆé´°‘Ý 2000 œ€ÀÆÖ ‡Í×‘É Ò‘Íè ÀíìÅ ¸–í왍«™‘î ¦—ÌËÒÑè —À‘Ë´³™ Ž¥¿º€° ‘«Ò‘Å. ƒ´—°‘ÞÖ —À‘´° À™è —°‘€ÇÖ ŸÀ‘Ñ 15% þºÏ™ —°‘ÞÖ ×‘Ë¿½ —‘¨´±Ï™Žé³. µ‘À™ÖÓò ƒ¹° —×íê œ‘°€îÇò ‚ÌźŠ1942ƒÖ°‘ò. ×骝Çî‘Ö Øל‘ÆÅ þèØ™êÆ‘îþº‘³ À™è ×Çíì¿ »€Ý¿»í‘î À‘íì ×ÞÆ‘ Ò‘Í þº‘™×Ì´€°´ þ°Ñ¹—°¨´°îÑ. ƒ±Ö ˆíºª¥ ºÇíÉÅ, þ°‘ËÚÅ 1960äÖ Ò‘Í º‘¦ ª¨Å —°‘ÞÕ™ Ø´±ª¥î. ƒò€éÆ ƒ¹° ×ãÑ¢Çò »òî¬ÇÖ µ‘À™Ö º‘¦ ª¨Å —°‘ÞÖ ×ãÑŽé³.

ꀥ´ —°‘ÞÖ:
À‘ת¥Å Ãà׳Šþ‘Þ ×ãÑ¿½, ÀíìŠê€¥ …íº´±ÇÖ —°òﹱƑØþÒþÆ Ã°Ó¥Å ×Ž™Žé³. µ‘—ã‘ò왐 ŸÀ‘Ñ 5 ÒªœÅ ꀥè þ×ì À‘¶Ò›æ™ ñ¿º¿º¨Žé³. þÌã À‘¶Ò´±ò ꀥ Øíº€î µ‘À™Ö€Ò µÅ»´°‘ò ƒÏ™Žé³.

º‘Öº¯€« —°‘ÞÖ:
À‘ת¥Å Ãà׳Š‘Öµ€¥ ×ãÑ¿½ —°‘ÞÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. ƒ°ò ÄÒÅ º‘Ö þœÍ™¿ºª¨ ÙŽÆ µÌ›æ™ —‘¯¨×Ì¿ºª¨ äѺ°î Ž¥›ŽÖ —ׯ—«Ë ‡¨™¿ºª¨ þ×ì À‘ת¥›æ™ —‘¯¨ —œÖÒ¿º¨Žé³.

À‘ת¥´±ò ÙŽÆ †Ñè:

µ‘À™Ö:
À‘ת¥´±ò °€ÒµÌ‘î µ‘À™Ö - ±Ï¢, œ›ŽÍ, ³€éÊÑ, þœÒŠðÓÆ †Ñæ™¢ —œÖ×°íÍÆ ×ލè - œ‘€Òè - ˜¨Á¥À‘Ë´ ±âŽé³. ƒ¹µÍò µ¨þ×, µÏ™¢ é¿»€î´ °ÏÅ À€Ò™þ‘ª€¥ €À¹±Ï™Žòé³. µ‘À™Ö À€Ò ŠþÌ º‘€éÆ‘Ö, »ã×íé°‘Ë Ø㛐Žé³. ƒÅÀ€ÒÇò ³ ˆì×°í ˆíº¢ œíì œÍב ×¥™, —°í¿ º±è €À¹³èãî. ‚î‘Ö, ŽÝ™, —°í¿ º±è ÁÚÅ —œ›´°‘ €À¹±Ï™Žòéî. —°ò º±ÇÖ À€ÒÇò þÀÖ ˆìװ퐢 œÍØò ³ º¦™ª¨è —ת¥¿ºª¨èãî. ƒ¿º¦è ÀéþÆ —°òþÀ퐿 º‘´±ò ×ÞÆ‘Ë¢ —œòì ƒì±ÇÖ —°í¿ º±Çò þÀþÒ À€Ò™ þ‘ª€¥€Æ €¥Žòéî. —°òþÀ퐿 º±äÖ Ò À±Öè …èãî. €× þ‘ª€¥ ˆíº¨×°í Ãòþº €À¹±Ï¹° º€ÝÆ þ‘ª€¥Çò À±Öäò €°×‘™ Ï°¿º¨Žòéî. þ‘ª€¥Çò þÀÖº±ÇÖ À€ÝÿÑ °›ŽÇÏ¿º°í‘¿ º‘Þè —×ª¥¿ºª¨èãî. ƒ€× þ‘ª€¥™è ƒÏ¿þº‘Ï™¿ ºÆòº¨Žòéî. â¿º‘±ÇÖ þ‘€¥™‘Ò´±þÒ˜¥ ÿÑ ¶€é¹±Ï™Å. ƒ°€îÆòê™ þ‘ª€¥Çò —°ò º±ÇÕÅ Ò º‘Þè …èãî. þ‘ª€¥Çò ×¥™¿ º±ÇÖ ƒÌÆ ×Þ Šòì …èã³. ƒ³, º¯€¥™ ‘Ò´±Ö ‚º´³ ˆíºª¥þº‘³ °¿»¢ —œÖװ퍑 ˆíºª¥°‘Å. ƒ™ þ‘ª€¥Çñè Á ÝŽÆ ±ÏÀ‘Ö þ‘ÇÖ Šòì …èã³. ƒ™þ‘ÇÖ Àª¨Áòê, º¯€¥¢ òîÅ …èã ŠÏ ª¥¥ÃÅ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. ƒÅÀ€Ò™ þ‘ª€¥ ÁÚÅ þ×€Ò¿º‘¨ …èã°‘Ë ‘«¿º¨Žé³. …ªº±è ÙÌÑè °›×°íÍÆ ƒ¥Åþº‘Ö €À¹±Ï™Žé³. ƒ›™ ¯«€éè ºÒ …èãî. Ü×€éäò ×ÞÆ‘ ÙÌэè, º€×э€ã¿ º‘Ñ´³ ê×°íÍÆ þÀ€¥ €À™¿ºª¨èã³. ×íþ鑨 ¶Ò €éæÅ …èãî. º‘€éäÖ íÒ Þè ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. ×íêÖ °¯­Ñ þ°›Ž ƒÏ™Å. ¹ÿÍÖ ÿÌ‘¦î‘Ö µÒÅ ºÆ™Å ‡òì ±Ö ºÒÑ ¶Ì‘¨×³ …¯¨. ™ÞäÖ Šòì —ºÍÆ ãÅ þº‘Ò €À¹±Ï™Žé³. ™ã´€°™ 'ÀÒ‘ÒÆÅ' ‡òì ˜ìבэè. ±Õèã ÿ€Ì™ ¦ÿÌ‘¿ ºÆòº¨´³ŽòéîÑ. °ò ÏŽÖ ÿÌ‘Þ À¯¥ºÅ ŠòìÅ €À™¿ºª¨èã³. µ‘À™Ö þ‘ª€¥¿ º±è €À¡Ñ ÌœÑ ‚ªÇòâ ƒÏ¹°þº‘³, 'Úª' ‡òñÅ ‚›ŽÒ´ °ãº± €ù°ÑÓÇ¥ÁϹ³ ƒ€°™ €¿ºíêî‘Ñ ‡òìÅ, ‚î‘Ö Â¯¨Å €ù°Ñ ÓþÆ ƒ™þ‘ª€¥€Æ´ ±Ïź¿ —ºíìت¥‘Ñ ‡òìÅ ‚›ŽÒ ‚ª™‘Ò´±Ö ƒ¹±Æ¢ ¿º‘Ëè ƒ›þ ƒÏ¹°‘Ñè ‡òìÅ ˜é¿º¨Žòéî. ƒ™þ‘ª€¥Çò ×ÌÒ‘ì ‡Üבé‘ÇñÅ, º¯€¥™‘Ò¢ ò晐 ƒÅÀ€Ò™ þ‘ª€¥ ‡¨´³™‘ª¥‘ Ø㛐Žé³.

±þƹ±Ì Øö®þ‘ÇÖ:
µ‘À™Ö À€ÒÇò þÀ퐿 º™Å ŠÏ €™ þ‘ÇÖ …èã³. ƒ™€™ þ‘ÇÓÖ µÌÅÀ ÄÑ´± ‡à¹°ÏäÉèã‘Ñ. ×¥™¢ Ÿ×ÍÖ €×¹°µ‘°Íò µÌÅÀ ×°‘ÌÃÅ, —°í¢ Ÿ×ÍÖ ×‘Àî ±ÏØ™ÌÀ ×°‘ÌÃÅ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. ŽÝ™¿ º™´±Ö 18 ¦ …ÆÌÃèã ‚¤œþµÆÑ ‘ª °ÏŽé‘Ñ. ƒÅÀ€ÒÇò º‘± ×ÞÇÖ ×¥º‘Ö î¹°‘¢œ‘Í Øö® €É¯¨. ƒ™€™ þ‘ÇÓÖ ×‘Àî ×°‘ÌÃÅ, þ×Ò µÌÅÀò, Ø™ŽÌÀ ×°‘ÌÅ, œ›Ì µÌÅÀ ×°‘ÌŠðÓÆ íº›è é¹° þ×€Ò¿º‘ª¨¥ò Ø㛐Žòéî. ƒ› —ºÏÀ‘è, ‘Ñþ‘¥ò ‡òñÅ ±Ïµ‘À´±Ö —°íŽÖ °€ÒÉÅ, ×¥™þ ‘Ö ÿª¦ÉÅ ºè䗍‘¯¨ ±Ï¢þœ€× œ‘±™Žé‘Ñ. ƒÜØÏ €™ þ‘Ç֍æÅ ±ÆÒ´ þ°‘òéÖ «žÒò ‡òì ºª¥Å ¡¦ ‚¯¥ ŠÏ×î‘Ö €À™¿ºª¥€× ‡î´ —°ÍŽé³. —‘›À¯¥Ò œ°Å ƒ™þ‘Ç€Ò™ ª¦Æ×ò ±ÆÀ‘ò ‡òº€°,

½±Æ°‘Ë À€Ò€Æ™ €¥¹³
µííº¿ ½Ò׀̙ —‘¯¨
±þƹ±Ì ت®™ ŽÌ
—Àòþé °×€À¹ °×î‘Å
À±ÊŽÆ‘î ±ñÅ
ב◍‘› À¯¥ÒþÀ

±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨:
—œ›òì–Ñ ‡òñÅ º€ÝÆ —ºÆÑ ‘Ò¿þº‘™ŽÖ —œ›þ‘¨ - ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨ ‡î ×Ý›¿ºª¨ ×ÏŽé³. þœÒ´±ÓϹ³ 45 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÕèã³. ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘ª¦Ö ¸–í½ ‚€Òè ±Å. ƒ› ðÓÆ‘Ñ ×¿»îÑ ±À‘ בâŽòéîÑ. ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨ À€Ò, œ›ŽÍ ƒÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆ´±ÓϹ³ 11 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÕÅ, „þÌ‘ª¦ÓϹ³ 18 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÕÅ €À¹³èã³. µ‘À™ÖÓÓϹ³ 32 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒÚèã³. ƒÅÀ€Ò ³ ˆê¢ —œÖװ퐿 º¦™ª¨¿ º‘€° €À™¿ºª¨èã³. ¿º¦™ª¨¿ º‘€°ÇÖˆê¢ —œÖÕÅþº‘³ «™ŽÖÒ‘° Ì›è ³è䙐±´³ Ø€ãÆ‘¨×€°™ ‘«Ò‘Å. ƒ¿º¦™ ª¨¿ º‘€°ÇÖ ƒ€¥Ç€¥þÆ ƒ€ã¿º‘ìװ퍑 À¯¥º›è €À™¿ºª¨èãî. Ã°Ö ˆíéÅ ˆê¢ œÍØÖ ƒé›ŽÆ³Å ¨´³èã º‘€éÇÖ —ת¥¿ºª¨èã º¦äò ƒÏÀÏ›Å º™´³¢—‘ò鑍 ƒÏº°¦ …ÆÌÀ‘î º‘Å»ò …Ï×Å ×Ó›´€° …¥ÓÖ °‘›Ž, ‰¹³ °€ÒÆ‘ÕÅ €¥»¦´³™ —‘¯¨ ƒÏ¿º³ þº‘òì —œ³™¿ºª¨èã³. …Æѹ° À€Ò³ ˆê¢—œòé‘Ö ºÒ †í왍è ÿÑ ŸÌ¹³ ºèã´±Ö þ°›Ž ¶íº€°™ ‘«Ò‘Å. ƒÅÀ€Ò³ ×—ºÏÀ‘ò À‘—°‘Ϻ‘î‘ ‘ªÆ䙎é‘ò. ƒ™¥Úè ×¥—À‘ÞÇÖ Ñ´°µ‘Îø×Ìò ‡òì €Ý™ŽòéîÑ.

À€ÒÇò þÀÖ ±Ï™þ‘ÇÕ™™ â¿º‘´±Ö …è㠝Ì´±í —œÖÕÅÃò …èã ŠÏ € צØÖ …èã º‘€éǨ™ ƒÏ™Žé³. €°Æ¨´³ …èã³ ÀÌ ²Ñ´°Å. ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘ª¨ À€ÒÇò —ºÆþÌ †Ï™Å €À¹³èã³. †Íò µ¨ØÖ …èã €Ò‘œµ‘°€Ì 'µÖÒ °Å»Ì‘ò' ‡òìÅ, À€ÒþÀÖ …è㠁Ѵ°µ‘Ο×Ì€Ì 'À€Ò´ °Å»Ì‘ò' ‡òìÅ À™è €Ý™ŽòéîÑ. Å€À™ °ï™ þ‘ÇÖ. €Ò‘œµ‘°Ñ þ‘ÇÓÓϹ³ €Ì Ž.Â. ³–Ì´±Ö À€ÒÇò ¦×‘ÌÅ …èã³. À€Ò³è㠱ϙþ‘ÇÖ ‰¹³ ¶€Òè —‘¯¥ ƒÌ‘óþ‘½Ì´³¥ò €À¹³èã³. þ‘½Ì×‘Ç€Ò Øª¨ ƒé›ŽÆ³Å ±Ï¢œ¹¶±ÇÖ ±Ï™‘ªÆÏæÅ —œ›þ‘ª¨ þ×Ò×Ñ ±ÏÚÏ×Å, ŸÀ‘Ñ Äòé€Ì ¦ …ÆÌÅ ×ÏÅ. À€Ò³èã þ‘ÇÓÖ ÄÒ×Ì‘ ×Ó›Å ƒÖÒ‘ÀÖ 'À‘—°‘Ϻ‘ò' ƒÏ¿º³ ƒ¹° °Ò´±ò é¿½.

—‘› µ‘ª¦Õèã ˆà ×´°Ò›æè ƒÜÛÏÅ Šòì. þ°×‘Ì¿ º‘¥Ö—ºíé³. Ï«ŽÍµ‘°Ì‘Ö 27 ±Ï¿½à™ …ÍÆ †Ñ. þ°×‘Ì´±ÕÅ, —ºÍÆ ½Ì‘«´±ÕÅ ƒÜÛ€Ì '—‘¦À‘¥¢ —œ›òì–Ñ' ‡òþé ê¿»¥¿º¨Žé³.

—œ›òì–Ñ™ ŽÝ‘Ñ, …Í¢—œ‘Ö ‚ÍÆÑ ‘›þÆÑ, »Òþ°×Ñ, ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘ª¨¿ ½Ì‘« ‚ÍÆÑ, ØÌ‘Æ º¯¦°Ñ ô³œ‘Á™ þ‘î‘Ñ Ã°ÓþÆ‘Ñ ×‘â¹³ é¿½¿ —ºíé³ ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘ª¨¿º±.

ƒÌ‘½ÌÅ:
—µË, °ÇÏ™ ½â—ºíé³. ƒ› ‘Öµ€¥ ×ãÑ¿½ é¿½. óÜ×͝ —°‘ÞÖ —ºÏŽ ×ãѹ³èã³. ƒÌ‘½Ì´±ÓϹ³ þœ¹°À›ÒÅ ×ÞÆ‘ µ‘À™Ö —œÖÕÅ ×ÞÇÖ þºæ™ê¢ ‡òé íì–Ñ …èã³. °€î ¨´³ —‘ÖÓÀ€Ò¢ œ‘ÌÓÖ òìþ°‘ìÅ ‚¨Å ÀÌñ™ þ‘ÇÖ Šòì …èã³. ³ ºÝïÆ¿ºÑ þ‘ÇÖ ‡î €Ý™¿º¨Žé³ ƒ™þ‘ÇÓò é¿½. ÀÌ™ ¥Úè ¶ò엍‘¯¨, €ÇÖ °¯¥´³¥ñÅ, °€ÒÇÖ Ý‘î —‘¯€¥ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. þ×ì ‡›Å ‘«Ã¦Æ‘° צ×Å ƒ³!

—‘ÖÓ À€Ò:
µ‘À™ÖÓÓϹ³ 48 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÕèã³. ƒ°ò …ÆÌÅ 1190 ª¥Ñã‘Å. ƒÅÀ€ÒþÆé 70 —‘¯€¥ † ×€ãڍ€ã ¥™ þׯ¨Å. ƒÅÀ€Ò€Æ ´°Ñè בàÅ 'œ³ÌŽÍ' ‡î ´°Ñ ƒÒ™ŽÆ›è €Ý™Žòéî. ƒÅÀ€Ò ³ é¿ºåø×ÌÑ þ‘ÇÖ …èã³. ƒ€°—Æ‘ª¦ 'é¿ºåø×ÌÑ œ°Å' º‘¥¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ›èã ‚‘œ›€ ÏØ 200 ¦þÀÓϹ³ ØàŽé³. À€Òבâ À™ã‘î "º¢€œÀ€ÒÆ‘ä"è ƒ› בâŽòéîÑ. ¥Ñ¹° ‘¨è …¯¨. œÀ—×ääÖ ºÇͨŽòéîÑ. þ°ñ™Å, ºÒ‘Ú™Å —‘ÖÓÀ€Ò ½â —ºíé³. ÌŸ ‚°ÌØÖ ƒ› ŠÏ ÄÓ€´ þ°‘ª¥ÃÅ µÑœÍÉÅ µ¥´°¿ºª¨ ×ÏŽé³. ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ °Áݍ ŸíìãÒ‘´ ³€éÆ‘Ö ƒ› '×ÖØÖ ‹Í' ØÝ‘ —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žé³. ƒ´°€Æ é¿½Á™ —‘ÖÓÀ€Ò, ¥Ö Àª¥´±í þÀÖ 4,500 ¦è …ÆÌÅ …€¥Æ³. 87 œ³Ì €ÀÖ ºÌ¿½€¥Æ³. ŸÀ‘Ñ 260 ŽÌ‘À›€ã™ —‘¯¥³. ƒ™ŽÌ‘À›è ºÒ µ‘¨ã‘¿ »Í™¿ºª¨èãî. ƒÅÀ€Ò¿ º±ÇÖ ×îØÒ›€ã Ì¦æÅ, ½ÓæŠבàÅ ½°Ñè …èãî. ƒ›èã ºèã´°‘™è µ‘ò. €× Øל‘Æ´±í ºÆòº¥´°™€×.

ƒ™—‘ÖÓ À€Ò —°ò×¥Ò‘ 28 Ž.Â. ÿãÃÅ â þÀÒ‘ 19 Ž.Â. ÒÃÅ …èã³. ƒÅÀ€ÒÇÕèã º¢€œÀ€ÒÆ‘ääÖ 360 »ÍÚ¯¨. ÙŽÆÀ‘î€×: œ™Ì×Ñ´±, ˜´°‘¦, þœ‘¿€ºÆò, þœ‘´°×¥Àò, —ãÌ€œ, ì¿€º, ב̿ºò ‚ŽÆ€×æÅ ƒ×эäò °€Ò×э晐 ºª¥™‘ÌÑ ‡òìÅ, ¨´°×Ï™™ €Ì™‘ÌÑ ‡òìÅ —ºÆÑ. ƒ×Ñè ±ÏÀ«´±Ö °‘Ó€Æ À«¿—º¯ à´±Ö €Ì™‘Ìò ª¨Žé‘ò. ƒ×Ñè °Á€Ý ƒà´³ þºŸŽòéîÑ.

ƒÅÀ€ÒÇÖ '—‘ÖÓ¿º‘€×' בâ×°‘ ½éµ‘ñ–ì, ì¹—°‘€, ¹°‘À¬, µíꀫ, Ò¿º±‘ÌŠðÓÆ ¸–íäÖ ê¿½ …¯¨.

µ‘À™ÖÓÓϹ³ 11 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã þœ¹°À›ÒÅ —œòì, ›ŽÏ¹³ ŸÀ‘Ñ 36 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ þœ‘€Ò™—‘Ö€Ò ×ÞÆ‘™ —‘ÖÓÀ€ÒÇÕè㠁鿺åŸ×ÌÑ þ‘ÇÕ™ —œÖÒÒ‘Å.

¤œÀ€Ò:
¤œÀ€Ò, þœÒÅ - „þÌ‘¨ ƒÏ¿½¿ º‘€°ÇÖ þן¦ °‘ãÅ ‡òñÅ ƒÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆ´±ÓϹ³ ŸÀ‘Ñ ‡ª¨ Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒ³ âþÀÒ‘ 9 Ž.Â. ÿãÃèã À€Ò´—°‘¥Ì‘ €À¹³èã³. ƒÅÀ€Ò´ —°‘¥Íò þÀí½ÌÅ À€ÒƦÇÖ ´þ°Ÿ×ÌÑ ±Ï™þ‘ÇÖ €À¹³èã³. ƒ› À‘°À‘° ×Ì‘´±ÍÉÅ, ´±Ì‘¿ —ºãÑ«ÁÉÅ ±ÏØÝ‘ µ‘ªã‘Å.

ˆáÑ:
ƒÜþ×áÑ, µ‘À™ÖÓò ×¥™ŽÖ º´³™Ö —°‘€ÒØÖ, ±Ï¢—œ›þ‘¨ - ƒÌ‘½ÌÅ œ‘€ÒÇÖ …èã³. ƒ›´ ±Ï™þ‘ÇÖ —‘¯¨ ‡à¹°ÏäÉèã ƒ€é×ò, þ°žŸÌÅ ‡òñÅ ±Ï¿—ºÆÑ ¾¯¨ Ø㛐Žé‘Ñ. þ°×‘Ì €×¿½´°ÒÅ.

þÀ‘ñ–Ñ:
µ‘À™ÖÕ™´ —°íþ º±— €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÖ ‘ØÍÇò ×¥º‘Ö þÀ‘ñ–Ñ ‡òñÅ ±Ï´°ÒÅ …èã³. œ› ‘Ò´±Ö º€ÝÆò ‡òñÅ þ×äÑ ÀÌ»îò ƒÜۀ̴ °€ÒµÌ‘™ —‘¯¨ ‚ª ½Í¹°‘ò. ƒ€° "À€Ý—Æ‘à™é‘¿ »€ÝÆ‘ Ø€ãÉè º€ÝÆò þÀ‘˜Ñ" ‡î À³€Ì™ ‘¤ ˜ìŽé³. þÀ‘˜Ñ ‡òº°ò ±Íþº þÀ‘ñ–Ñ ‡òº³.

€µî‘À€Ò:
µ‘À™ÖÕ™ ×¥ŽÝ™ŽÖ º´³€ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÖ €µî‘À€Ò €À¹³èã³. ƒ› ×Ì°Ì‘œ—ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ÇÖ …èã³. À¯¥º´±Ö …èã ³–¯è Ý Á¹°€×. µÆî À€ÒþÆ €µî‘À€Ò ‡òì ‚Çíì.

»Ò À€Ò:
µ‘À™ÖÕ™ þÀíŽÖ ‚ì €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÖ »ÒÀ€Ò ‡òñÅ À€Ò´°ÒÅ €À¹³èã³. ƒ›èã À€Ò ‘Ø ¶éÀ¥Æ°‘î°‘Ö »ÒÀ€Ò ‡òñÅ —ºÆÑ —ºíé³ ‡òºÑ. œ› ‘Ò¿ ½Ò×Ñ »ÒÑ ×‘â¹°°‘ÚÅ ˜ì×Ñ. ƒÅÀ€Ò³ Ãύò þ‘ÇÖ €À¹³èã³. ƒÅÀ€Ò™¢ —œÖÕÅ ×ÞÇÖ, µ¨À€ÒÇÖ ŠÏ í€ …¯¨. À€Ò™þ‘ÇÓÖ ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ €°À‘°´±Ö é¿º‘ ØÝ‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.