ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ À‘ת¥´€° ºÖÒ×Ñè ‚¯¨ ×¹°±í‘î Ö—×ª¨¢ œ‘òìè …èãî. ò限¦ÇÕÅ »è€ãÆ‘Ñ ºª¦ÇÕÅ ¾›òé´±ÕÅ ‘«¿º¨Å ºÖÒ×Ñ ‘Ò´±Æ €¥×€Ì™ þ‘ÇÖè ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì À‘ת¥´³¥ò ºÖÒ×э晎Ϲ° —°‘¥Ñ€º …챿º¨´³Žòéî.

ºÖÒ×э晐¿ »é þœ‘Ýэäò ‚ªÇò â ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì À‘ת¥Å ƒÏ¹³ ×¹°³. »é 13 ‚Å ¸–í鑯¨ ×€Ì º‘¯¦Æэè לŠƒÏ¹°³. Ž.». 1331 ƒÖ À³€Ì€Æ´ °€ÒµÌ‘Ë™ —‘¯¨ ÃøÔÅ ‚ª ¶ì׿ºª¥³. Ž.». 1371 ƒÖ À³€Ì ŸÖ°‘òäò ‚ª œÍÆ´ —°‘¥›Ž Ž.». 1393 ƒÖ ÃíêÕÅ Þ¹°³. °ò »é µ‘Æ™Ñ ‚ª ˆíºª¥³.

Ž.». 1605 ƒÖ þœ³º±äò ‚ª —º‘ì¿»Ö ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ À‘ת¥Å ƒÏ¹°³. þœ³º±æè ŽÝ×ò þœ³º± ê¿»¥´°™×Ñ. Ž.». 1674 Ã°Ö Ž.». 1710 ×€Ì ƒ×Ñ ‚ª ½Í¹°‘Ñ. ƒ×Ñ ‘Ò´±Ö°‘ò ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ þœ³º±äò °€ÒµÌÀ‘Çíì.

Ñµ‘¥ µ×‘¿º‘î ÍÀ³ Ó ŽÝ™Ž¹±Æ™ Å—ºïÆ‘Íò —œÖב™€¿ ºÆòº¨´±, ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ, ×›€¿ º±€ã™ €¿ºíêî‘ò. ƒ°î‘Ö Ž.». 1772ÓϹ³ 1780 ×€Ì ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌŠ¯¨Å ÃøÔÅ ‚ªÇÖ ƒÏ¹°³. ƒ¹° ‚ªÇÖ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ À‘ת¥Å ¿ºÅ ª¨Å ¦€À¿ »Ìþ°œÀ‘Çíì. »é ŽÝ™Ž¹±Æ™ Å—ºïÆ‘Íò ±é€ÀÆ‘ÕÅ ¡â¢Æ‘ÕÅ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ »Íª¦õ‘Íò þµÌ¦ ‚ª™ À‘êƳ. À³€Ì À‘ת¥Å €À×°í Ãòþº ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì´±Ö ‚›ŽþÒÆÍò ‚ª ˆíºª¨ ت¥³.

1797 ‚Å ‚¯¦Ö ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì´±Ö ˆíºª¥ —ºÍÆ Ò´€° ¥™Å —º‘Ϫ¨, ŽÝ™Ž¹±Æ™ Å—ºïÆ‘Ñ ó‘™œò ‡òº×€î´ °€Ò€À¿ —º‘ì¿»Ö ¶ÆÁ´°îÑ. ×Í —œÕ´° Àì´³, Ò´³™™ ‘Ì«À‘Ë ƒÏ¹° Ù̺‘¯¦Æ ª¥—º‘Åà µ‘Æ™€Ì¿ þº‘ÍÖ þ°‘퍦´³´ ³–™ŽÓª¨™ —‘òéîÑ.

×›€€Æ ‚¯¥ òîÀϳÚÅ —ºÍÆ ÀϳÚÅ Ù̺‘¯¦Æ ª¥—º‘ÅÀñ™ —µÏ›ŽÆ µ¯ºÑã‘ÇϹ°îÑ. Àϳ œþ‘°ÌÑè ×›€ ž€ÀÇò Ÿ°¹±Ì¿ þº‘€Ì µ¥´±î‘эè. þº‘ÍÖ 1801 ‚Å ‚¯¨ ƒì±ÇÖ †€À´³€ÌÉÅ Àϳ œþ‘°ÌэæÅ €°‘Ž ±Ï¿º´³–ÍÖ ³–™ŽÓ¥¿ºª¨ ƒé¹°‘эè. ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó,À³€Ì À‘ת¥›äÓϹ³ 1901 ƒÖ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ À‘ת¥Å …Ïב™¿ºª¥³. ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ À‘ת¥Å 1985 À‘Ñ¢ 15 ƒÖ Äò鑍¿ »Í™¿ºª¨ ×›€ À‘ת¥ÃÅ ØϳµÑ À‘ת¥ÃÅ …Ïב™¿ºª¥î.

‡Ö€Òè:
×¥™ŽÖ ×›€ À‘ת¥´€°ÉÅ, ŽÝ™ŽÕÅ —°íŽÕÅ ×›‘ã Ø͐¥‘ €×ÉÅ þÀíŽÖ ØϳµÑ À‘ת¥´€°ÉÅ ³–´³™¦ À‘ת¥´€°ÉÅ ‡Ö€Òã‘ ƒÅÀ‘ת¥Å —‘¯¨èã³.

—º‘³ Ø×Ì›è :

ºÌ¿ºãÚ:

ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ À‘ת¥´±ò ºÌ¿ºãÚ 4,133 œ.Ž.Â. ‚Å.

À™è —°‘€:

—À‘´° À™è —°‘€- 11,35,887 þºÑ ‚Å.
‚¯è: 5,62,387;
—º¯è- 5,73,500.
‡à´°êÚ —ºíþé‘Ñ: 5,95,879;
À™è —µÏ™Å (œ.Ž.Â.) 268 þºÑ;
‚¯ —º¯ ØŽ°Å (1000 ‚¯æ™) - 1020 þºÑ.

À€ÝÆãÚ:

œÌ‘œÍ 827 Á.Â. À€ÝÆãבÅ.
ÀÏ´³×À€îè - 9
×›Žè - 17
‘×Ö ¶€ÒÆ›è: 43 (‘×Òэè - 1,298)
°º‘Ö ¶€ÒÆ›è - 201
—°‘€Òþºè - 2,087
±€ÌÆÌ›è - 35
º±Ú¿ —ºíé בî›è -11,822
œ‘€Ò ÿãÅ: 1,962 Ž.Â.

×Ï×‘Ë ¶ÑבÅ:

þ‘ª¥›è-2, (ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ, ºÌÀ™¦); ת¥›è-7 (ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ, ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ, ±Ïב¥€î, ºÌÀ™¦, óã´³–Ñ, Ã±, ¥Ò‘¦); ×Ï×‘Ë ŽÌ‘À›è 424.

…è㑪 ¶ì×è:

µÌ‘ªè - 2, þºÐÌ‘ªè -9, †Ì‘ª ŠòêÆ›è - 11, º¤œ‘Æ´³™è - 443. œª¥œ€º´ —°‘±è: 5 (±Ïב¥€î, ºÌÀ™¦, ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ, ¥Ò‘¦, óã´³–Ñ). º‘Ì‘æÀòé´ —°‘±: - 1 (ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ) ÖØ: ºèäè: ³×™¶€Ò -969; µ¨¶€Ò -142; …ÆѶ€Ò - 57; þÀï€Ò - 39. ÖՖ͍è: ÌŸ™ €Ò™ ÖՖ͍è (ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ ÀíìÅ Ã±); ÍÀ³ œ°™ º‘Ó—¥™ï™, Ý™€Ì; ÍÀ³ œ°™ —º‘êÇÆÖ ÖÕ–Í, Ý™€Ì; °øÔò ¼Ø ¿³Ö ‘°Ñ €Ò™ÖÕ–Í, Ý™€Ì; ô³Ì‘ÀÓ›´ þ°×Ñ ¶€îÚ™ ÖÕ–Í, Ã±; À‘€ÒþµÌ™ ÖÕ–Í, ºÌÀ™¦.

×Þº‘ª¨´ °Ò›è:

ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ, ±Ï½ÖÒ‘¬ —ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ØÖ, …´±Ìþ‘œ À›€, ±Ïב¥‘€î, ˆÑב¦ °Ñù‘, ‹ÍÊÑ Žê´³× þ°×‘ÒÆÅ, µÇî‘Ñ þ‘ØÖ Ã°ÓÆî ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò ÙŽÆ ×Þº‘ª¨´ °Ò›ã‘Å. ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ þ‘ÇÖ 12 ‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö ª¥´ —°‘¥›Ž 17 ‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö
æ׀¥¹°³ ‡òºÑ. ºÒ °€ÒÀéã‘ ƒÒ›€ ÌœÑã‘ÕÅ þœ³º±ã‘ÕÅ °ï¿ºª¥ ºÒÌ‘ÕÅ ƒ™þ‘ÇÖ ª¥¿ºª¥³. ƒ™þ‘ØÓò íº›è €î´³Å ±Ì‘Ø¥™ ª¦¥™ €Ò™ ‡¨´³™‘ª¥‘´ ±âŽòéî. þ‘ØÓÕÅ ÖÆ‘« À¯¥º´±ò ÏŽÕÅ ƒÌ¯¥‘Å »Ì‘Ì´±ÕÅ þœ³º±è ºÒÍò …Ï×›è —º‘ꙍ¿ —ºíìèãî. ‰¹³ é›‘×ÒÑè ¥›ŽÆ àØò ¶Ñב´±Ö ƒ™þ‘ÇÖ é¿½íì´ ±âŽé³. ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ þœ³º± ¨Åº´°‘ÏÅ, þ°×™þ‘ª€¥ óÂò ¨Åº´°‘ÏÅ ƒ±Ö ºÌź€Ì é›‘×Òэ㑍 ƒÏ¹³ ×ÏŽòéîÑ. ºÝ€ÀÆ‘î º‘¯¦ÆÑ ‘Ò´³ þ×€Ò¿º‘¨Å, ؜ƵÌ ÌœÑ ‘Ò´³™ »íºª¥ þ×€Ò¿º‘¨æÅ ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. µÍò …Æѹ° º±ÇÖ þ‘ØÖ €À¹³èã³.

ŽÝ™ŽÓϹ³ þÀ퍑 ŸÀ‘Ñ 2 ºÑÒ‘› —°‘€ÒÚÅ, —°í ×¥™‘ Šòé€Ì ºÑÒ‘› —°‘€ÒÚÅ …€¥Æ Á¿—ºÍÆ þ‘ØÖ ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ þ‘ÇÖ. ƒ› ‘«þׯ¦Æ ÙŽÆ º± —œ‘™ª¥‘ò À¯¥ºÅ. ƒÌ‘Àµ‘° Ÿ×‘ÁÇò œ¹¶±þÆ ÄÒø°‘îÅ. ž°‘þ°Ø À«ÓÖ »¦´° Ó›À‘î ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÑ ƒ›ŽÏ™Žé³. ƒ°î‘þÒþÆ ƒÜÛÏ™ ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ ‡òì —ºÆÑ —ºíé³. ƒ™þ‘ÇÖ µ¹± Á¿ —ºÍƳ. ƒ°ò ÿãÅ 23 ¦, ÒÅ 12 ¦, …ÆÌÅ 17 1/2 ¦. ƒ¹±Æ‘ØÖ …èã 12 þó‘±ÑÓ››æè Šòì ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÖ …èã³. ³ º¦´±î‘Ö ‚î³. ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ °Áⵑª¦ò ÙŽÆ ŸíìÒ‘´ °Ò›äÖ Šò鑍´ ±âŽé³. ×¥µ‘ª¦îÏÅ —×䵑ª¦îÏÅ ƒ› ±À‘ ×ÏŽòéîÑ.

À‘ ÀÅ, À‘ ×Ì‘´±Í, €×‘, ‚¦ À‘ב€œ ל¹° …íœ×Å ƒ€× µ‘òÅ —ºÍÆ ØÝ‘™ã‘ ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žòéî. ƒ›¿ ºÆ¬è °›×°í ˆÌ‘ãÀ‘î œ´±Ì›è ª¥¿ºª¨èãî. °€Ò€À Ñ¢œÑ, Ï›þÍ œ›Ì‘¢œ‘ÍÆ‘Ñ, ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ þœ³º±, þµº‘ã ÀòîÑ ‚ŽÆ ƒ¹µ‘Ö×Ï™ Àª¨þÀ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘° Ÿ×‘Á Ï׀限¢ —œÖÕÅ …Í€À …¯¨. ‘Æ‘´±€Ì —œÖº×Ñè ƒÌ‘þÀø×Ì´±Ö —°‘¥›Ž ¯¨Å ƒÌ‘þÀø×Ì´³™ ×¹³ 濺‘эè.

ƒÜ×Ý™Å —°ò¦îÌ‘Ö þÀí —‘è㿺¨Žé³. ³ã°‘ø ƒÌ‘À‘Æ«Å, þœ³½Ì‘«Å, ÅºÌ‘À‘Æ«Å þº‘òé ƒÒ™ŽÆ›è ƒ´°Ò´€°¢ é¿»™Žòéî. ±Ï£‘îœÅº¹°Ñ, ±Ïµ‘Ú™ÌœÑ, Ï«ŽÍ µ‘°Ñ, °‘ÉÀ‘î×Ñ þº‘òþé‘Ñ ƒ´°Ò´€°¿ ºíê¿ º‘¦Éèã‘эè.

ƒÌ‘óÌ‘þóø×Í þ‘ØÖ:

ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ µÍò Ì¯À€î™è ƒ™þ‘ØÖ €À¹³èã³. —œ‘™´ °›´°‘Ö ‚î ƒÌ‘óÌ‘þóø×ÍÇò …ÆÌÅ Šòé€Ì ¦. þœ³º± Àòîэ晐´ ±ÏÀ€Ò µ‘Æ™Ì‘Ö ä™¿ºª¥³ ƒ¹° ÅÀò …Ï×Å. ƒ› µ×Ì‘´±Í ØÝ‘ é¿º‘ —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žé³.

±Ï¿½ÖÒ‘ï —ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ÇÖ:

±Ï¿½ÖÒ‘€«ÇÖ …èã 󍹵‘°¿ —ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ØÖ ±ÏÀ›€Æ‘â×‘Ì‘Ö º‘¥¿—ºíé °ÒÀ‘Å. ƒ™þ‘ØÖ ƒÌ‘ÀÑ Ø™Ì´±í Ø€ÒÉÆѹ° ‘°¬€ã ¬Ø´³ ×Þº¨ŽòéîÑ. °ñöþ‘¦ÇÓϹ° Ì‘ÀÑ Ø™ÌÅ ƒ› €×´³ ×Þº¥¿º¨Žé³. ƒ›èã ƒ€é×ñ™´ —°ò °ÁÝ‘ò ‡òé —ºÆÏÅ …¯¨. 14 ‚Å ¸–í鑯¨™ Ö—ת¨è ƒ›™ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî.

ˆÑב¦ °Ñù‘:

ƒÜÛÍÖ …èã °Ñù‘ Ãòî‘äÖ Ÿ¿ÌÀ¬ÆÑ °ÒÀ‘ Ø㛎ư‘Å. ˆìº¦ ‡òñÅ —ºÆÌ‘Ö ƒ³ Ø㛎íì. Ãύò Â ×¹³ ºÌ°×Ñ ×€ÒÇÖ ¿ºª¨™ €ÌþÆêÆ ƒ¥Å ˆìº¦ ‚Çíì. ƒòì ´þ°‘Ó™Ì‘ …èã ƒ¿ºÌ°×Ñ ×€Ò€Æ ƒà™Åþº‘³ '‹, þ×Ò‘, ‘þ×Ò‘' ‡òì þ×Òò —ºÆ€Ì¢ —œ‘ÖÓþÆ ƒà™ŽòéîÑ. ƒ¹° °Ñù‘ —°òﹱƑØò —ºÍÆ ºèä
בœÖäÖ Šò鑐Å. —×䵑ª¨ ÃøÔōæÅ ƒ› ×¹³ þº‘Žé‘эè. ˆÑב¦ …Ïø ±ÏØÝ‘ —א é¿º‘ —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žé³.

ŠÍÊÑ þ°×‘ÒÆÅ:

ƒ¹° þ°»Í´þ°‘ þ°×‘ÒÆ´€° ŠÍÊÍÖ €À™ 1734 ƒÖ þœ³º± ÀòîÑ 20 ˆ™Ñ ¶Ò´€° ×Ý›Žî‘Ñ. Ï㑵¹°Ñ ‡òñÅ þÀ¨ º‘±ÍÆ‘Íò þœ€×Æ‘Ö ƒ´þ°×‘ÒÆÅ ‡à¹°³. 120 ¦ …ÆÌ´±Ö þ‘½ÌÅ €À¹³èã³. º€ÝÆ þ°×‘ÒÆÅ ½³¿»™¿ºª¨ ƒÏ¹°‘ÕÅ › ×Þº‘¨ µ¥¿º±Ö€Ò. —°òﹱƑ Ãà×±ÕÁϹ³ ´þ°‘Ó™Ñ ŠÍÊÏ™ ×ÏŽòéîÑ. »è€ã ×ÌÅ þׯ¨þ×‘Ñ ƒ´þ°×‘ÒÆ´€°¢ Ÿíê —°òîÅ»è€ã µ¨ŽòéîÑ. ¦.»Íªþ¥‘ º‘±ÍÆ‘Íò ¶€îב —ºÏØÝ‘ —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žé³.

±Ïב¥€î ×ò þ‘ØÖ:

139 ¦ …ÆÌ™ þ‘½ÌÅ …èã³. þ‘ØÖ …èã¿ º±™ »¥‘Ìþî¹°Ö ‡òì —ºÆÑ. ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ —œ‘íþª¥‘òœ‘Í À¯¥ºÅ …èã³. ¡ÍÆñ™´ °ï¢ œ¹¶±ÉÅ, ¡ÍÆ œ¯¦þŸ×ÌÑ™¢ œ¹¶±ÉÅ …èãî. ƒ³ ´±ÆÑ ×Þºª¥ °ÒÀ‘ é¿»™¿º¨Žé³. €×‘ Øœ‘´ ±ÏØÝ‘ÚÅ, ‚¦ÇÖ ±Ï™ÖÆ‘« Àþ‘íœ×ÃÅ —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žòéî.

ÙŽÆ †Ñè:

ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö 500™Å þÀíºª¥ ×Ï×‘Ë ŽÌ‘À›è …èãî. ×íêÖ Ò×í€éÉŠÙŽÆ µÑ€ãÉÅ ºíê ƒ›™ ‘¯þº‘Å.

ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ µÌÅ:

ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ µÌ‘ª 1959 ƒÖ ˆíºª¥³. ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ €×€ ‚íêò Í´±Ö €À¹° †Ì‘°Ò‘Ö ƒ€° 'Í€×' ‡òì ê¿»¨×Ñ. ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ, °ñöþ‘¦, þ°Ø¿ºª¦îÅ, ±Ï¿½ÖÒ€«, …´±Ìþ‘œÀ›€ ‚ŽÆ °Ò›æ™, ƒ¹µÑ ×ÞþÆ°‘ò —œÖÒ Ã¦ÉÅ. 1772ÓϹ³ 1792 ×€Ì ƒ³ ‚›ŽþÒÆÍò Ì‘®×´ °ãÀ‘ ƒÏ¹°³. 1949 ƒÖ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ óÂò °Áݍ Ìò ‚ª —º‘쿽™ ×¹°³.

þœ³º±Çò Ì¯À€îÉÅ, ±Õèã þ‘ØÕÅ, ƒÌ‘ÀÓ› ØÒ‘œÅ ‡òñÅ À‘䀍ÉÅ ‘«´°™ ƒ¥›ã‘Å. ƒÌ‘ÀÓ› ØÒ‘œÅ þœ³º±äò €×™ãÀ‘ÚÅ, ‚¥ÅºÌ À‘䀍ƑÚÅ Ø㛎ư‘Ö, ƒ°ò …ª½éŠׯ« ‹ØÆ›ã‘Ö Ý¿º¨´°¿ºª¨èãî. °¤€œ ÀòîÏ™Å, þœ³º±™Å µ¥¹° þº‘€Ì¢ ´°Í™Å ‹ØÆÅ, ‚¥í€Ò€Æ¢ ´°Í™Å í½°¢ ´±Ì›è, ƒÌ‘À‘Æ«Å, º×´€° ƒ×í€é Ø㙐Š‘ªè, €œ×- €×«× ×ÌÒ‘íì™ ‘ªè, Àòî̳, ºª¥‘»þõÅ, ¹°½Ì™ þä™€è, ±€ÌÆ䙐Š‘ªè þº‘òé ºÒ ¯€«™ ×ÏÅ ‘ªè ƒÌ‘ÀÓ› ØÒ‘œ´±Ö ‹ØÆ›ã‘ ×€ÌÆ¿ºª¨èãî.

1978 Ã°Ö °Áݍ ÌŸ —°‘Ö—º‘Ïè ‚ËÚ´ ³€éÇîÑ ƒ¹° Ì¯À€î€Æ´ °›è —º‘ì¿»Ö ˆíì ºÌ‘ÀÍ´³ ×ÏŽòéîÑ. ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ Áã‘Ë œ¹€° °Áⵑª¦Ö Á¿—ºÍÆ œ¹€°Æ‘Å. º›ï, ´±€Ì À‘°›äÖ Áã‘Ë œ‘º¦ —œË³, —°‘¥Ñ¹³ ‚ì À‘°›è ƒÜØÆ‘º‘ÌÅ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. þ°›‘Ë —À‘´° ׬´±íÅ ƒÜÛÑ —ºÆÑ —ºíé³. ½°òŽÝ€ÀäÖ œ¹€° ˜¨Žé³.

´°‘Ñþ‘ª€¥:

ƒÜÛÍÖ ÃøÔÅè —ºÏź‘ò€ÀÇîÌ‘ …èãîÑ. ƒ×Ñè º€îþÆ‘€Ò€Æ™ —‘¯¨ ºÒ Ý¿ —º‘Ϫ€ã¢ —œË³ Øíº€î —œË³ בâŽòéîÑ.

þ°Ø¿ºª¦«Å:

ƒ³ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì´±í ×¥ŽÝ™þ 15 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ ¥í€ÌÇÕè㠝íì–Ñ. µ×ŽÌ›€ã™ ê™Å Šòº³ ³–¯è ƒÜÛÑ ¥Õ™è ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö ƒÜÛ€Ì 'µ×º‘œîÅ' ‡òì €Ý™Žé‘эè. °Áⵑ¨ Ìò —°òîÅ º¯€«ÉÅ, ºÝ´þ°‘ª¥›æÅ ƒ› …èãî. ƒÜÛÍÖ º‘±¿þºÑ ÃøÔōè. ƒ³ ŠÏ ŸíìÒ‘ °ÒÀ‘Å.

Ý™€Ì:

ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì´±ÓϹ³ 15 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³ ƒ¢ì ³€éÍÅ. ƒ›ŽÏ¹³ ÏŽÕè㠍€ÌþÆ‘Ì¿ ºª¦î›æ™¿ º¥äÖ —º‘Ϫè —‘¯¨¢ —œÖÒ¿º¨Žòéî. ƒÜÛþÌ º‘¯¦Æэäò º¯€¥Æ´ ³€éÍÀ‘î —‘퀍 ‡òì Ï°¿ º¨Žé³. —œ¹°Áâ ×ãÑ´° ž°™‘± ƒÜÛÍîÑ. ƒÜÛÍÖ 32 ºèäבœÖè …èãî. ÃøÔÅè —ºÏź‘ò€ÀÇîÌ‘ ƒ› בâŽòéîÑ. œ›€ã ì´³ ¬Òòè —œË°Ö, Âò»¦´°Ö, À¯º‘¯¥›è —œË°Ö þº‘òé —°‘ÞÖè ƒ› Á±.

ÝòãÅ:

ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì´±ÓϹ³ ŽÝ™þ 20 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …è㠝íì–Ñ. 1983 ƒÖ ƒ› µ¥¹° —°‘Ö—º‘Ïè ‚ËØÖ ƒÌ¯¥‘ÇÌÅ ‚¯¨æ™ Ãò½ °Áⵑª¦Ö þÌ‘À‘ïÆэè ב¬´ —°‘¥Ñ½ —‘¯¦Ï¹°€À™ ‚°‘ÌÀ‘ œ›™ ØÆÖè Ž€¥´³èãî. ÝòãÅ º‘¯¦Æ µ‘ª¦ò ³€éÍÀ‘ Ø㛎Ƴ. ƒ› Àϳ¿º‘¯¦ÆÑ ª¦Æ þ‘ØÕÅ, œ´±ÌÃÅ …èãî. þÌ‘À‘ïÆÑ ºÆòº¨´±Æ À³¢œ‘¦æÅ, Ž.». µ‘ò‘Å ¸–í鑯¦ò þÌ‘Å µ‘ª¨ Àòîò °€Ò¿ —º‘ê´° µ‘«ÆÃÅ, ¬ÒòäÖ þœÑ´³™—‘èæÅ À¬æÅ …ÆÑ×€™ íæÅ ƒ›™ Ž€¥´³èãî. —ÀãÍÆэäò —°‘¥Ñ½™ ‚°‘ÌÀ‘ ×Ñè ‘Ò´³ ‹ØÆ›æÅ, Ïׯ«¿ º‘€î ‹¨æÅ ¯—¥¨™¿ºª¨èãî.

…´±Ìþ‘œÀ›€:

ƒ³ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì´³™ —°òþÀíþ 10 €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒ³ ŠÏ ‘Ò´±Ö º‘¯¦ÆÑ °€ÒµÌ‘Ë Ø㛎Ƴ. µ‘Æ™ ÀòîÑ Ö—ת¨è ƒÜÛÑ þ‘Ø֍äÖ …èãî. À‘¬™×‘œÌ‘Ö º‘¥¿—ºíé´ °ÒÅ. ƒ› ÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆÅ …èã³.

±Ï¿½ÖÒ€î:

ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì´±ÓϹ³ ˆà €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÖ ƒÜÛÑ …èã³. ƒÜÛÑ —ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ÇÖ »Ì´±¿ —ºíé³. ƒ°íÏŽÖ …èã þÀ‘Ñ™ãÅ ‡òñÅ †ÍÖ …¿ºãÅ ƒÏ™Žé³.

À¯¥ºÅ:

ƒÌ‘þÀø×Ì´³™ µ¥¹³¢ —œÖþ×‘Ñ ×œ±™‘ ƒ› þœ³º±è ŠÏ ÖÀ¯¥ºÃÅ —°¿º™ãÃÅ ª¦îÑ. °î‘Ö ƒÜÛÏ™ À¯¥ºÅ ‡òñÅ —ºÆÑ ×Ý›Ò‘Çíì.

×¥™ŽÝ™¿ ºÏ×™‘íé‘Ö —ºÏÅ ½ÆÖ ÙŸÅ. ºÒ ì ²Úè —°òþÀ퐿 ºÏ×™‘íé‘Ö þµÏÅ º‘Æ´€°´ °¨´³ ¶ì´³Žòéî. ŸíêÇϹ° ‘¨€ã Þ´³ ¦þÆêÆ×Ñè —×íê€Ò ºÇͪ¥°‘Ö —×íê€Ò À¯¥ºÅ ‡òé —ºÆÏÅ …¯¨. º¥ ª¨Å ³€é ƒ›ŽÏ™Žé³. ƒÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆÃÅ …èã³. À¯¥º Í‘Å ŠÏ ‘Ò´±Ö ƒÒ›€ Ìò ÞϹ°³. ‰¹³ €ÀÖ ÿã œ‘€ÒÉÅ, ºÒ ª¦¥›æÅ, ¦ÇÏ¿½æÅ —‘¯¥ ƒÜإŠ°íþº‘³ °Áݍ ÌŸ —º‘ì¿»Ö …èã³. ƒ›è㠁ϛ‘ªÆÅ ‘¯º°í ÍÆ ºÒ …ÇÍ€ã™ ‘ª™ €×´³èã³. —œÆ퀍 ô³ °Æ‘Í™Å °Áⵑ¨ ô³ ¶ì×îÅ °Áݍ Ìœ‘Ö ƒ› µ¥´°¿º¨Žé³.

º‘źò ‘ÖבË:

1854 ƒÖ º´°€Ì ¦ ‚Ý ‘ÖבƑ´ þ°‘¯¥¿ºª¨, 200 ¥ò ¶€éÉèã þ°‘¬è —œÖÒ´°™×‘ì º‘źò ‘Ö×‘Ë €À™¿ºª¥³. »é º±î‘ò¦ ‚Ý´±íÅ, 9232 ¦ ÿã´±íÅ, 80 ¦ Ò´±íÀ‘Ë ‘Ö×‘Ë À‘íêÆ€À™¿ºª¥³. 1913ƒÖ ƒ™‘Ö×‘Ë Â³ À¯¥º´€°ÉÅ º‘ź€îÉÅ ƒ€«´³ ÌÇÖ —°‘¥ÏÅ, —°‘› º‘ÒÃÅ €À™¿ºª¥î. ÌÇÖ —°‘¥Ï¥ò ˜¦Æ º‘Ò´€° ƒÏ º±ã‘ þÀþÒ ³–™Ž, êÆ ¿ºÖè —œÖÒ ×œ±
—œËÆ¿ºª¨èã³. 1846 ƒÖ ª¥¿ºª¨ 1923 ƒÖ ½³¿»™¿ºª¥ Ò›€Ì Ø㙍Šƒ›èã³. ƒ³ ŠÏ ŸíìÒ‘´ °ÒÀ‘Å.

º‘źò

ƒ› ´þ°‘Ó™ þ°×‘ÒÆÅ …èã³. Øþ׍‘î¹°Ñ ¶€îÚ´ ³–¯ ŠòìÅ µ¥¿ºª¦Ï™Žé³. Âî×эæÅ —µœ×‘ãэæÅ ƒ› ±À‘ בâŽòéîÑ. ƒ¹±Æ Ìò בï€Ò ‚ËÚ €ÀÆÅ —œÆÖº¨Žé³.

°ñöþ‘¦

ƒÌ‘À»Ì‘ò ØÖÓò ¸ï€Æ ƒÜÛÍÖ †òêî‘Ñ ‡òé Ï´±íþíº °ñöþ‘¦ ‡òì —ºÆÑ —ºíìèã³. ƒ³ ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ ²Øò —°òŽÝ™ ‡Ö€ÒÇÖ, 20 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. 1964 ƒÖ ˆíºª¥ ¥Ö Í¿º‘Ö †Íò —ºÏź±€Æ™ ¥Ö —‘¯¨ ت¥³. ƒ› ÿÌ‘¨×€°¿ ½¯¬ÆÀ‘™ Ï³ŽòéîÑ. ê¿º‘ ‚¦, €° À‘ב€œ µ‘ªäÖ ºÖÒ‘ÇÌ™«™‘þî‘Ñ ƒ› ×¹³ ÿÌ‘¨ŽòéîÑ.

ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ µÑ:

ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ ²Øò ÿãÅ 15 €ÀÖ. ƒ±Ö ‡ª¨ €ÀÖ ×€Ì™Å ƒ´²Ú ‚ì €ÀÖ ãÚ ÒÀ‘ ƒÏ™Žé³. ‡¤Æ ˆà €ÀÖ ÿã´±í ²Øò ÒÅ ŠÏ €ÀÖ°‘ò. Âò»¦¿º³ ÙŽÆ´ —°‘ÞÖ. œ› ‡¨¿º³Å º¥ ‹ª¨×³Å »é —°‘Þ֍è. ƒ´—°‘Þ֍äÖ ƒ›¿ —ºÏÀãÚ ×‘àÅ ÃøÔÅè é¹³ Ø㛐ŽòéîÑ. ô³ ב¬ÃÅ é¿º‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. À«ÖþÀ¨äÖ Ø€ãÉÅ —ׯ°‘Ýž Á±Æ‘ÚÅ, ÀÓבÚÅ Ž€¥™Žé³. ¥ÓÖ Ž€¥™Å —º‘Ï荀㙠—‘¯¨ ¯€«™ ×ÏÅ ÝŽÆ¿ —º‘Ϫ€ã¢ —œË³ ØíŽòéîÑ. ƒ› —×䵑ª¨ ºÆ¬è ×Ï€ ±Å. œ´±Ì›æŠ󪍑 ׯ¦æÅ Á±Æ‘™ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ ²Ñ´°Å, þ°›‘Ë, ½ä, œÌ€ã™Ö, þœ‘Þ, œ›, Âò ðÓÆî ƒ›èã ÙŽÆ ˆíìÀ±¿ —º‘Ϫã‘Å.

¥Ò‘¦:

¥Ö €Òäò ‹€œ ‡¿þº‘³Å ƒÜÛÍÖ þªº°‘Ö ƒ¿—ºÆÑ —ºíêÏ™Ò‘Å. ƒ›ŽÏ¹³ óã´³–Ï™ 15 Ž.Â. þâ×̐ ƒ› ¶€éÆ Ø€ãØ™¿º¨Žé³. ¥Ö ÂñÅ µ¯¨Å ÙŽÆ ˆíìÀ±¿ —º‘Ϫè.

Ã±

ƒÜÛÍÓϹ³ óã´³–Ñ 12 €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒÚ …èã³. ¯¥‘íêò €ÌÇÖ ƒ³ €À¹³èã³. 18 ‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö ª¥¿ºª¨èã þ‘ª€¥Æ‘Ö ½â —ºíé †Ñ. 1801 ƒÖ ƒ™þ‘ª€¥ ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ ×œÁϹ°³. »é Àϳ º‘¯¦ÆÌ‘Ö €¿ºí鿺ª¥³. Ù̺‘¯¦Æ ª¥¿ —º‘ÅÀñÅ ƒ€°¿ ºÆòº¨´±Éèã‘Ñ. ƒ¿—º‘à³ º‘Ý€¥¹° ¶€ÒÇÖ …èã³. ƒ› Àé×эæÅ, µ‘¥‘эæÅ, ÃøÔōæÅ ŽÏ´³×эæŠבâŽòéîÑ. Ÿ¹°Ì º‘¯¦Æî‘Ö ª¥¿ºª¥ ÂÆÅÀò þ‘ÇÖ ƒ›èã³. ºÏ´± ¶€éÆ Ø€ãØ™¿º¨Žé³. —œÜבˎ݀ÀäÖ œ¹€° ˜¨Žé³.

—°‘¯¦:

—°‘¯¨ ‡òº³ ¶Ò´³™è ½¹° ¥íº± ‡òì —º‘Ï躨Å. ƒ›è㠍¥í€Ì€Æ €Òב˙ €Ì ‡òì Ý´ °ÁÞÖ ê¿»¨Žé‘эè. —°‘¯¦ º‘¯¦ÆÍò ºÝÅ—ºÏÅ ³€éÍÀ‘ Ø㛎Ƴ. ƒ´³€éÍ´³™Å Ì½ µ‘¨æ™Å ºÒ ¸–í鑯¨ã‘ ØÆ‘º‘Ì´ —°‘¥Ñ½ ¶ÒØ ×¹³èã³. —œòé ¸–í鑯¨ ×€Ì Æ‘€îæŠô³™æÅ Ì½ µ‘¨æ™ ƒ´³€éÍŠ×ÞþÆ ˆíìÀ± —œËÆ¿ºª¨èãî. ºÒ ‘ÒÅ ƒ´³€éÍŠƒ›ŽÒ‘¹³, ºÑÀ‘ ‚ŽÆ µ‘¨äò —°‘¥Ñº‘Ö ×ãÅ —ºíêϹ°³. ÃøÔÅè —ºÏ¹—°‘€ ÇîÌ‘ בàŽòéîÑ. Âò »¦´°ÕÅ œ› ‡¨´°ÕÅ ƒ› µ€¥—ºìŠÙŽÆ´ —°‘Þ֍è. ƒÒ›€ÇÓϹ³ þ°›‘Ë ƒé™À±ÉÅ, ƒÒ›€™ ¥Ö ‚€À ˆíìÀ±ÉÅ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. —µœ×‘ãÑè ±À‘™ ¦ÇÏ™ŽòéîÑ. ƒ›èã ƒøÒ‘ÁÆ™ ÖØ ¶€ÒÆ´±Ö Ì‘»Æ, º‘Ìž —À‘Þè í»™¿º¨Žòéî.

±Ïב¥‘€î:

ƒÜÛÑ ×ÞþÆ°‘ò —°‘¯¦™¢ —œÖÒ þׯ¨Å. 1605 Ã°Ö 1650 ×€Ì þœ³º±äò °€ÒµÌ‘Ë ±Ïב¥‘€î ƒÏ¹°³. ƒÜÛÑ é¿½™™ ‘Ì«À‘ Ø㛐Š×ò þ‘ÇÖ þ°×™þ‘ª€¥ µÌ´°‘эã‘Ö ±Ï¿º¬ —œËÆ¿ºª¥³. ƒ³ œÅº¹°Ì‘Ö º‘¥¿—ºíé °ÒÀ‘Å.

ºÌÀ™¦:

À³€ÌÇÓϹ³ 47 €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÕÅ, ×›€ÇÓϹ³ 26 €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÕÅ, ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì´±ÓϹ³ 23 €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÕÅ, óã´³– ÍÓϹ³ 16 €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÕÅ ºÌÀ™¦ €À¹³èã³. €×€ ‚íêò €ÌÇÖ ×ãÀ‘ Ø㛐Žé³; ºÒ ÌŸ Õ×ҍ›è, ׬ ¶€ÒÆ›è ¶€é¹° †Ñ. ŽÏ´³×Ñè —ºÏÅ —°‘€ÇîÌ‘Ë ×‘âŽòéîÑ. ƒ×эè ×Þº¨Å ´þ°‘Ó™ þ°×‘ÒÆÃÅ ƒ¹³™è ×Þº¨Å ×‘ÒÆÃÅ µ€Ì¢ é¿»™Žòéî. —×äÊэäÖ µ€ ØÆ‘º‘Ì´±Ö é¹³ Ø㛐Šþµ ‚ÇÌ €×Æ ƒî´³¿ —ºÏÀ™è ƒÜۀ̢ þœÑ¹°×эþã. —µœÚ´ ³€éÇÖ „¨º¨Å —œãÌ‘ö¦Ì ƒî´±îÏÅ …èãîÑ. þ×㑯€À¿ ºèäÉÅ, þ×㑯€À¿ º¯€«ÉÅ ƒ› ÌîÌ‘Ö µ¥´°¿º¨Žòéî. ÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆÅ …èã³. ØÆ‘Ýòþ°‘ìÅ œ¹€° ˜¨Žé³. ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ, ºÌÀ™¦, óã´³–Ñ
ת¥ À™è ƒ¢œ¹€°™ ×¹³ þº‘Žé‘эè.

ÙŽÆ´ ²Úè:

ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´°¢ Ÿíê ºÒ ²Úè …èãî. €×äÖ ƒÌ‘þÀø×ÌÅ ÿ›Ò‘ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌŠת¥´±Ö º±—î‘Ï ²ÚæŠóã´³–Ñ ×ª¥´±Ö ‰¹³ ²ÚæÅ …èãî. ‡ÖÒ‘´ ²ÚäÕÅ Âò»¦´°Ö µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

À«Ó´ ²Ú

º‘źïÓϵ³ 7 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ ƒ´²Ú …èã³. ƒ¿º±ÇÖ ¥Ö ‚ÝÀíì™ Ž¥™Žé³. ƒ´²ØÖ Ÿ¯«‘Ž Ö º¦×›è Á±Æ‘ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. Ïב¨Å þ°›‘ÉÅ ˆíìÀ±Æ‘Žòéî. ã›ª¦ Âò »¦´°Ö ÀéÇÖ Ä›ŽÖ ¢€ã œ³ÌÀ‘ ¥ÓÖ µª¨, ׀ҍ€ã €À´³ Âò »¦™ŽòéîÑ.

ÃÆÖ ²Ú:

ˆÌ‘ãÀ‘î ÃÆÖè ƒ´²ØÖ ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö ÃÆÖ ²Ú ‡òì —ºÆÑ —ºíé³. ƒ°íÅ À¯¥ºÅ °›Á¥´±íÅ 10 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒÚ.

°€ÒÆ‘Í´ ²Ú:

ƒ´²ØÖ Ÿ¯«‘Ž™ Ö Á±Æ‘™ Ž€¥™Žé³. Ý™€Ì™ —°òŽÝ™þ 16 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³.

‚€î¿ º‘€é´ ²Ú:

º‘€éè Á¹° ƒ´²Ú »è€ãÆ‘Ñ Ã€î´ ²Ú™ 3 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³.

›ã´ ²Ú:

Âò»¦´°Ö, ƒ´²ØÖ Ã™ŽÆ´ —°‘ÞÖ. ›ã´±ÓϹ³ Âò»¦™ ×Ϻ×Ñè ƒ›´ °›Ž¢ —œÖ׳ ×Ý™À‘°Ò‘Ö, ƒ³ ›ã´ ²Ú ‡î¿ —ºÆÑ —ºíé³. ƒ´²Ú Ïœ€¥´ ²ØÓϹ³ ƒÌ¯¨ Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³.

Ïœ€¥´ ²Ú:

º‘źïÓϹ³ 4 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ ƒ´²Ú …èã³. ƒÌ‘þÀø×Ì´±í Á ÏŽÖ €À¹³èã ƒ´²Øò ŸíéãÚ 4 1/2 Ž.Â. °Áݍ Ìò Âò ‚Ì‘Ë¢ ¶€ÒÆÃÅ, …ÇÍÆÖ ‘ª™ ˜¥ÃÅ ƒ›èãî. —óÖÓ —œËÆ …°ÚÅ º‘ 󿺑ñ™ ˆíìÀ±Æ‘Žé³. ‚€Ò´ —°‘ÞÕ™ …°ÚÅ Ò ÁÒ›äÖ þœÑ™¿º¨Å 'œ‘Ñ™‘œÅ' ‡òé —º‘ÏæÅ, —ºÇ¯¨ —œËÆ …°ÚÅ Ò —º‘ϪæÅ ƒ› Ž€¥™Žòéî. þÌ‘ó‘¿¾ ¶é ¡Íƍ‘¹±, ¶™þ‘º‘Ñ ƒãÿÑ, —œÜØã ÿÑ ‚ŽÆîÚÅ Ž€¥™Žòéî. Ïœ€¥´ ²ØÖ Ã´³¢ ¿» ×ãÑ™Å ¶€ÒÆÅ º¬ÇÓϹ³ ƒ¿þº‘³ Ä¥¿ºª¨èã³. Ħ™Ž¥™Å ƒ¹¶ì×îÅ —œÆÖº¥´ —°‘¥›Žî‘Ö °ÁݍŠ…ҍ ô³¢ œ¹€°ÇÖ Ã°Ó¥Å —ºìÅ. ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ À‘ת¥´±Ö ¥í€ÌäÖ Ã´³™ ä´°€Ò¿ ºíê À‘Ñ™þ‘þº‘þÒ‘ ‡òñÅ —×䵑ª¨ ×ÌÒ‘í鑝ÍÆÑ ØÍב ‡à±Éèã‘Ñ.

Ÿä´ ²Ú:

ƒ´²Ú À«íº‘›‘î —º‘ª¥Ö —×äÆ‘Å. µÖÒ´ °¯­Ñ´ ²ØÓϹ³ 3 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÕèã³.

ב€ã´ ²Ú:

בӴ ²Ú, ×€Ò´²Ú ‡òìÅ ƒ´²€×™ ê¿»¨×Ñ. Ãä´ ²ØÓϹ³ Šòé€Ì €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒ›è㠍´þ°‘Ó™´ þ°×‘ÒÆ´€°™ ŽÝ´þ°ÍÆÅÀò À‘°‘™þ‘ØÖ ‡òì €Ý™ŽòéîÑ. ƒ› Âòè ±À‘Ë™ Ž€¥™Žòéî.

¿º‘ ²Ú:

Ý™€ÌÇÓϹ³ 8 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒ´²ØÖ º×ã¿ º‘€éè ±À‘Ë™ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. Àï°Ñè ם¿º±Ö€Ò.

¾Àꢜ‘ò ²Ú:

þÀ¥‘î º±ÇÖ, º‘źïÓϹ³ 7 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒ´²Ú —ºÍÆ ¯¥´ ²Ú, µ¨´²Ú, ¾Àꢜ‘ò ²Ú ‡òì ÿº±Ç€î™ —‘¯¨èã³. ºèäבœÖ ²Ú ‡òé —ºÆÏÅ ƒ´²Ú™ ×Ý›¿º¨Žé³.

¾×Ìœòùèä´ ²Ú:

Ý™€ÌÇÓϹ³ 10 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÓÏ™Å ƒ´²ØÖ ¾×Ìœ ÀÌ›è ¶€é¹³ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî.

»è€ãÆ‘ÑÃ€î´ ²Ú:

º‘ÒÆ‘Ã€î´ ²Ú ‡òé —ºÆÏÅ ƒ°í¯¨. ¾×Ìœòùèä´ ²Ú™ ÏŽÖ …èã³. ƒ› Àï°Ñè ם¿º±Ö€Ò.

Ãä´ ²Ú:

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