—º‘³Ø×Ì›è:

À‘ת¥´±ò °€ÒµÑ ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó. ºÌ¿½: 6,838 œ.Ž.Â. À™è —°‘€: 25,180,32; ‡à´°êÚ: 14,09,304; À€ÝÆãÚ: 814.8 Á.Â; ½€×¯¦ ¶€ÒÆ›è: 26; ‘×Ö ¶€ÒÆ›è: 80; œ‘€ÒÿãÅ: 5,432 Ž.Â; º±Ú—ºíé ב›è: 48,773; ¤œÒ›è: 553; —°‘€Òþºè: 29,779.

‡Ö€Òè :
ŽÝ™ŽÖ ×›‘ã Ø͐¥‘ Àíìų–´³™¦ À‘ת¥´€°ÉÅ; þÀíŽÖ þÌã´€°ÉÅ; ×¥™ŽÖ ØϳµÑ À‘ת¥´€°ÉÅ; —°íŽÖ òïÆ‘ÀÍ
À‘ת¥´€°ÉÅ ‡Ö€Òã‘™ —‘¯¨èã³.

…è㑪 ¶ì×è :
À‘µÌ‘ª-1; ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó. µÌ‘ªè :6; †Ì‘ª ŠòêÆÅ :19; þºÐÌ‘ªè 39; œª¥œ€º —°‘±è :11 1) ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó 2) º‘€ãÆ›þ‘ª€¥ 3) þœÌò À‘þ°Ø 4) Åº‘ œÃ´±ÌÅ 5) —°ò‘ 6) ‚Ò›ãÅ 7) בŸþ°×µÖÕ–Ñ 8) œ›Ìò þ‘ØÖ 9) ƒÌ‘°‘½ÌÅ 10) µ‘›þµÍ 11) €¥ÆµÖÕ–Ñ.

ÖØ :
ºèäè : —°‘¥™¿ºèäè-µ¨¶€Ò-…ÆѶ€Ò-þÀÖ¶€Ò-ÖՖ͍è
1,460 411 90 129 14 ƒ³ °ØÌ —°‘ÞÖ ÖØ ¶ì×è-3; ÌŸ ÀÏ´³×™ ÖÕ–Í; ÌŸ ´° ÀÏ´³×™ ÖÕ–Í; —°‘ÞíºÇí ¶ì×è-7; —°‘Þí ¸ªº™ ÖՖ͍è 5; ‚ÍÆÑ ºÇí ¶ì×îÅ-8.

ÀÏ´³×Å :
ÀÏ´³× À€îè-10; ÀϹ°Å-3; —°‘¥™ ÀÏ´³× µÒ ¶€ÒÆÅ 55; ³€« —°‘.À.µÒ¶€ÒÆÅ-385.

—ºÆÑ™‘Ì«Å :
—µÖ×Æ֍þã þ×ÓÆ‘ …€¥Æ †Ñ ‡òŽé —º‘ÏäþÒþÆ '±Ï—µÖþ×Ó' ‡î €Ý™¿º¨Žé³.

×ÌÒ‘ì :

±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥´±Õèã ‚±¢œ µÖÕ–ÍÕÅ, —‘퀍ÇÕÅ þÀ헍‘¯¥ ½€°—º‘Ïè ‚Ëڍè ×Þ °ÁÝэäò ºÝ›‘Ò µ‘Í›è …Ґ™´—°ÍÆ ×¹°î. þ×㑯€À, —°‘ÞÖ ±é€À, ºÝ™ ×Ý™›è ºíêÆ é¿€º ƒ›™ Ž€¥´° —º‘Ϫäò ÄÒÅ …«Ì æŽé³. Ž.Ã.1200-ƒÖ —µÖ ºÇÍ¥¿ºª¥ €°ÉÅ, —°òŽÝ™ ‚Æ µ‘¨æ™Å, þÀ€Ò µ‘¨æ™Å ñ¿½×°í‘ ƒÏŽ ‚É°›è °Æ‘Í™¿ºª¥ غ̛æÅ ƒ¹°¿½€° —º‘Ïè ‚ËÚè —×俺¨´±Éèãî. ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´³ †Ñ¿ —ºÆÑè €î´³Å ×ÌÒ‘íì¢ —œË±€ã™ ˜ì×îבþ× …èãî. º‘¯¦ µ‘ª¦ò —°òº±þÆ ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó ž€À. º‘¯¦Æэè ×ÌÒ‘í왐 Ãíºª¥ ‘Ò´±ÓϹ³ ƒ¿ º±€Æ ‚¯¥€° ×ÌÒ‘ì —ÀË»™Žé³.

þœ‘ÝÑ þºÌÌŸ …Ï×‘î ‘Ò´±Ö º‘¯¦ÆÑ ×эäò ‚怍ÇÖ â ƒÏ¹°îÑ. þœ‘Ý¿þºÌÌ€œ æڙ —‘¯¨ ×¹°×ò ó¥×ÑÀ Ÿ¹°Ìº‘¯¦Æò. »òîÑ º‘¯¦ÆÑæ™è œ¯€¥ į¥°‘Ö, À‘Ó™‘¿¾Ñ À³€Ì€Æ¢ ¡€é Ǫ¥‘ò. º‘¯¦Æэäò œ¹°±ÇîÑ À³€ÌÇÓϹ³, ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó€Æ €¥¹³ '—µÖ€Ò¿ º‘¯¦ÆÑ'ã‘ ‘Ò›Þ´°îÑ 15-¸–í鑯¨ Ã°Ö ØóƵÌ, µ‘Æ™Ñ ‚ª À³€ÌÇÖ —°‘¥›ŽÆ³. º‘¯¦Æ ÌŸ ³¯¥‘¥¿ºª¨ °Áâ µ‘þ¥ 72 º‘€ãÆ¿ºª¥‘ µ‘Æ™Ñ ‚ªÇÖ »Í™¿ºª¥³. ƒ¹°¿ º‘€ãÆ›è …ÏÀ‘ê 1910‚Å ‚¯¨ «™—¨¿»ò þº‘³ 31 óÂòè ƒÏ¹°î. ×íêÖ ê¿»ª¥´°î : µ‘›þîÍ, —œ‘™Åºª¦, ×ŽÍ, °€Ò×ò þ‘ª€¥, —µíª¨þœ×Ö, †íìÀ€Ò, ‡ª¥Æ½ÌÅ. º‘€ãƺª¨€ã ¶Ñ׎´°×Ñè ÍƵ‘° ðÓÆ‘ÏÅ, ×¥À€Ò¿ºò »è€ãÉÅ ‚×Ñ.

ºÝÅ —º‘Ϫè ¯¨»¦¿½ :
þœÌò À‘þ°Ø™ Ïþ þ°‘¯¦ ‡¨™¿ºª¥ Ö ‚É°›è, —óÑÀò Ï›‘ªÆ´±Ö €×™¿ºª¨èãî. žÒ× þºÍ ŽÌ‘À´€°¢ þœÑ¹° º±Æ‘î Àύ‘Ö°€ÒÇÖ …èã º‘€é™ €¥ÚäÖ º‘Ó—À‘ÞÇÖ þœ‘ò Ö—ת¨æÅ, —ºã´°Ñäò º¨™€æÅ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. —À‘Ò‘ÆÑ ‘Ò´±Ö ª¥¿ ºª¥ µ‘Ì‘Æ«ÅÀ‘è œ´±ÌÅ ƒÜÛÍÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. ±Ï¢íéźÒÅ ‡òñÅ †ÍÖ Ã³À™è °‘Þè ˆÌ‘ãÀ‘ …èãî. …™ŽÌº‘¯¦Æò ª¦Æ þ‘ª€¥ÉÅ, ÞÉÅ ƒòìÅ …™ŽÌò þ‘ª€¥ÇÖ ‘«Ò‘Å. ÙÌ þÌ㎳–ÍÖ †íìÀ€Ò óÂòäò Ì¯À€î ƒòìèã³. À€ÒƦ™ ê¢ÇÕŠóÀ™è °‘Þè ¯¨»¦™¿ºª¨èãî.

‚íì×ãÅ :

þÀ퐴 —°‘¥Ñ¢ À€Ò ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö ºÒ íé‘ìæÅ, þºÌ‘ìæÅ ƒ› …íº´±Æ‘Ž ÿÑ×ã´€°´ —ºÏ™ŽÉèãî.

°‘Á̺̬ :
—º‘±ÆÀ€ÒÇÖ þºÆ‘ì, …èã‘ì, º‘ź‘ì, ãÍÆ‘ì, þœÑ€× ‚ì ‚ŽÆ ×íêò ÿÌ‘Ö °‘Á̺̬ þ°‘òìŽé³. ƒ¹° ‚ì ‚â×‘Ñ ±ÏµÍ™ 20 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÕèã ½ò€î™ ‘ÆÖ ‡òñÁ¥´±Ö Àòî‘Ñ ¥‘™ ¥Õ¥ò Ò™ Žé³. —°òþÀí ºÏ×À€ÝÆ‘ÕÅ, ×¥ŽÝ™¿ ºÏ× À€ÝÆ‘ÕÅ ƒ¹° ‚í왐 ÿÑ ×ÏŽé³. ƒ°î‘Ö ºÆÉÅ ºÌ¿½ 1750 œ.Ž.Â. €À֍㑐Å. ƒ¹° ‚íêò ÿãÅ 121 Ž.Â.°‘ò. ƒ±ÕÅ 24 Ž. —°‘€ÒÚ À€ÒÂþ° º‘ËŽé³. À€Ò™™ þÝ ƒ°ò ‹ª¥Å 97 Ž. °‘ò.

íé‘ì :
ƒ°ò ÿãÅ 62 Ž.Â. ƒ¹° ‚íêî‘Ö —°ò‘-±Ï—µÖþ×Ó ×ª¥›äÖ 27,000 ˆ™Ñ ¶Ò›è º‘œîל± —ºìŽòéî. íé‘ÒÀ€Ò ÏØÇÓϹ³ ‚鑍 …Ï—ºìŽé³. ƒ³ °ØÌ µÅ»Æ‘ì, º¢€œÆ‘ì, —‘¨Ã¦Æ‘ì, ¥î‘µ± ðÓÆ ºÒ íé‘ìè ƒÅÀ‘ת¥Å Ãà׳Š…¯¨.

€«è :
À¬Ã´°‘ì €« : €«Çò —À‘´° ÿãÅ 3 Ž. °‘׳ 9820 ¦Æ‘Å. °ò µ¨þ×Éèã Ö €«Çò ÿãÅ 1230 ¦ þ°™Å ˜¦Æ ÿÍò ºÌ¿½ Äòþé ‘Ö œ.€ÀÖ œ‘°‘Ì«À‘ 406 þ‘¦ î ÿ€Ì´ þ°™Ò‘Å. ƒ°ò ÄÒÅ 65,000 ˆ™Ñ ¶ÒÅ ÿѺ‘œî ל± —ºìŽòéî.

º‘ºµ‘œÅ €«è :
º‘ºµ‘œÅ À€Ò ³ þÀÒ€«-Ý€« ‡òé 2 €«è ª¥¿ºª¨èãî. þÀÒ€« 2 À€Òæ™Ž€¥ÇÖ ª¥¿ ºª¨èã³. ƒ› 120 ¦×€Ì ÿ€Ì´ þ°™Ž €×™Ò‘Å. þÀÒ€«ÇÓϹ³ ƒÏ ±é¿½™ Ý‘ˍäò בÇÒ‘ —×ä ×ÏÅ ÿÑ 40 ¦ —°‘€ÒØÖ ØàŽé³. °ò à´°´°‘Ö ¹ ÿÑ 10 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÕè㠏݀«ÇÖ þ°™Ž €×™¿ºª¨, 8 ¦ ت¥Ãèã ƒÏ Ý‘Ë äò בÇÒ‘ ÿ€Ì™ —‘¯¨ —œòì Áòœ‘ÌÅ …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³.

ýÍ¿þºÍ €« :
—°ò‘ ת¥´±ÓϹ³ ×ÏÅ ì¿º µ± Äòì €ÀÖè ³–ÌÅ ‹¦, »é ñÀ µ±þÆ‘¨ ƒ€«Žé³. ƒÜØ¥´±Ö þÀ‘ª€¥ €«ÉÅ, ýÍ¿þºÍ €«ÉÅ …èãî. ƒÌ‘À‘µ±´±ª¥´±ò ÄÒÅ 1,500 ˆ™ÏÅ, Ï€«Æ‘íêò ±ª¥´°‘Ö 7,500 ˆ™ÏÅ º‘œîÅ —ºìŽòéî.

À€Ò×ãÅ :

±Ï—µÖþ×ÓÇÕèã º«¦™ ÏŽÖ ƒÏ¹³ ‚ÌÅ»™Å þÀí —°‘¥Ñ¢ À€Ò ÃÅ€º ×€Ì —œÖŽé³. ×ŽÍÇÖ …èã À€ÒÇÖ 20 À€Ò ͨè …èãî. ƒ×íêò œÌ‘œÍ …ÆÌÅ 1500 ª¥Ñ ‚Å.

´±ÆÀ€Ò :
—º‘±€ À€Ò ‡òº³ ƒ³°‘ò. ƒ°ò …ÆÌÅ 1800 Â. ƒ›°‘ò °‘Á̺̬ …íº´±Æ‘Žé³. ´±ÆÑ À€Ò À€Òͨã‘Ö þº‘Ñ´°¿ºªþ¥ ‘ª °ÏÅ. ƒÌ¯¨ ºÏ×™‘íé‘ÕÅ ƒÅÀ€Ò µò€À €¥Žé³.

‰¹°€Ò —º‘±€ :
´±Æ À€Ò™´ —°íþ ƒÅÀ€Ò ƒÏ™Žé³. œÀ—×äÇÓϹ³ ŽÝ™þ þµ‘™Žî‘Ö, ×Í€œÆ‘ ¬×´³ ¶íÅ …Ï×´þ°‘íéÅ —°òº¨Å. ƒ›þ °‘ò µ‘À€ÒÉÅ °ò º™ À€ÒæÅ …èãî. ±Ï™ì›¦™¿º‘Ö
ƒÅÀ€Òº± 1800 Â ×€Ì …Æѹ³ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. ƒ³þ× ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥´±ò þÀ퐴 —°‘¥Ñ¢ À€ÒÇò ƒì±™ ª¥À‘Å.

‘ª¨ ×ãÅ :
‘¨äò ºÌ¿½ 40,253,16 —ù™þ¥Ñè. ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò ‘¨è €î´³Å À€ÒäÖ°‘ò ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. ÀÌ›äÖ þ‘›°‘ò Ø€Ò À±¿½€¥Æ³. ƒ› ‘¨è ‘«¿º¨Å ת¥›è: µ‘›þµÍ, Åº‘ œÃ´±ÌÅ, —°ò‘ ת¥›è. —œ›þ‘ª€¥ ת¥´³™ ‘¨äÖ ƒÌÇÖ º‘€° þº‘¥¿ºÆòº¨Å 'øÔ¿ºÑ' ª€¥æ™ …°ÚÅ ÀÌ›è …èãî. Åº‘œÃ´±ÌÅ ‘¨äÖ, ÀÇ€Ò, —µ¨µ‘Í, À°ŽÍþ׎, µ›Ö, —œ›Ì¤ ÀÌ›æÅ, »ÌŽ ×€ æÅ, „¢œ ÀÌ›æÅ, þ°™, þ‘› þ°‘°´±, µ‘› ÀÌ›æÅ ¥Ñ´±Æ‘ …èãî. µ‘›þµÍ ת¥´±Ö Š€¥ ÀÌ›æÅ, ÀŽÝ ÀÌ×€æÅ, ‡ª¦, —×èã´³×€Ì þº‘òé ÀÌ×€æÅ …¯¨. —œ›þ‘ª€¥ ‘¨äÖ ‘Ž°™ ˜â —œËÆ …°ÚÅ „¥‘ Ϊ ÀÌ›è ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ 10,000 ¥ò ãÚ™¿ ºÇÌ‘™¿º¨Žòéî. ÀÌ›€ã´ °ØÌ »ò ÀÌÅ, À¤œ™¥Åºò, €ÌÆ‘î‘Ö Í™ æƑ° Ø¥´þ°€Ì ‚ŽÆ ÀÌ›æÅ Á±Æ‘ ×ãÑŽòéî.

‘ª¨ ØÒ›è :
—œ›þ‘ª€¥ ‘¨äÖ Æ‘€î, ‘ª—¥Ï€À ƒòñÅ ºÒ ×€Æ‘î ØÒ›è ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. œ›Ìò þ‘ØÖ, Åº‘ œÃ´±ÌÅ µ‘›þµÍ ‘¨äÖ ‘ª —¥Ï³è ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. ½Óè þÀí —°‘¥Ñ¢ À€Ò Ãà׳Š…èãî. ì´€°™ €éÚ. þ°ñ¯®Å Ì¦ ×€ ±Å. °€Ò ì´° œ‘ÅºÑ À‘ñÅ, íé‘ÒÅ, ±Ï™ì›¦ º±äÖ À€ÒÆ‘¨æÅ …èãî. ‡ÓÀ‘òè þº‘òé ƒ€× ¯æ™´ —°Í×±Ö€Ò. À‘ò þº‘òé þ°‘íéÅ —‘¯¥ ÀêÀ‘òæÅ, ‘ª¨ µÍè, ÿ¯¥×‘Ö Ì›è þº‘òé€×ÉÅ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî.

ºé€×è :
À¬¿½é‘, Žä, —ºÍÆ Ò —‘Ž¿ºé€× ‚ŽÆ€× ƒÅÀ€ÒäÖ ‘«¿ º¨Žòéî. œî×Í-»¿Ì×ÍÇÖ œ‘ÅºÖ ¶éÀ¥Æ —ºÓ™ò ºé€×è ƒÒ›€ÇÖ ƒÏ¹³ ×¹³ µ‘›þµÍ ת¥´±Õèã ØóÆ µ‘Ì‘Æ«½ÌÅ ã´ ±í ÏŽÖ °›Ž °‘ƍŠ—œÖŽòéî. ºÏ´± ב´³ ‡òé ŠÏƒîÅ ƒ› ¶Ì¹°ÌÀ‘ בâŽé³. …èã‘òæÅ, ÀÌ…èã‘òæÅ °‘â¹° À€Ò™ òìäÖ ±À‘ בâŽòéî. þÀí —°‘¥Ñ¢ À€ÒÇÖ ºÖþ×ì Ø°À‘¿ ¾¢è בâŽòéî.

¶Ò×ãÅ :
±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥Å ‰×€ ¶Ò›€ãÉÅ ŠÏ›þ —‘¯¨ ±âŽé³. þÀí —°‘¥Ñ¢À€Ò¿º±è ê¤ ¶ÒÀ‘ÚÅ, ÃÖ€Ò ¶ÒÀ‘ÚÅ …èãî. ÀÏ°¶Ò ×ã´€°´ °‘Á̺̬ º‘ÉÅ ‚íì¿ º±äÖ ‘«Ò‘Å. ½ò—œË ºÇÑè œ›Ìò þ‘ØÖ, Åº‘œÃ´±ÌÅ, ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó ×ª¥›äÖ Ø€ã Žòéî. ƒ€× ÍœÖ ‘¨è. À«íº±ã‘ …èã º‘€Ò¿ º±€ã 'þ°Í™ ‘¨è' ‡òì €Ý™ŽòéîÑ. µ‘›þµÍ ת¥´±ò —°ò º±äÖ ƒ×í€é™ ‘«Ò‘Å. ƒ› Ò À«í òìè 200 ¦™Å þÀÖ …èãî.

°Ï€×è :
º‘€Ò×î †í썀ã þº‘Ò ƒÅÀ«íòìäÖ þ°›Å ÿÑ ¶Ò´°¦ ÿþÌ‘¨ þœÑ¹³ íþé͍㑍 ‘ª °ÏŽòéî. ƒ×í€é ƒ¿º± À™è '°Ï€×'è ‡òì €Ý™ŽòéîÑ.

ïÀ›è :

Ÿ¯«‘Ž™Ö : —À¯ª °Æ‘Í¿½™´ þ°€×Æ‘î ƒ¿—º‘Ïè µ‘›þµÍ ת¥´±Õèã ×èäÊÑ, ã™‘¨, ðÓÆ †ÑäÖ Ž€¥™Žé³.

‘ÑîѨ À«Ö :
…¿½´°‘è —œËÆ …°ÚÅ ƒÜ×€ À«Ö ¥þÒ‘Ì¿ º±äÖ Ž€¥™Žé³.

ÖÒ€îª :
®œ™±™ þ°€×Æ‘î ƒÅÄÒ¿—º‘Ïè ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö Ž€¥™Žé³.

þÀ‘ª :
ƒ³ …þÒ‘¢ œ´³ ¶€é¹° —º‘Ïè. ¥í€Ì À«ÓÖ Ž€¥™Žé³. Ø㙐´±Í, —Àò€ÀÆ‘î ‡ÍÉÅ Å»è, Ò ÀϹ³è ‚ŽÆ€× —œË×°í ƒ³ ºÆòº¨Žé³.

€À™‘ :
µ‘›þµÍ ת¥Å ÄÒ™€Ì¿ºª¦ÇÖ ê°ãÚ Ž€¥™Žé³.

ŽÌ‘€ºª :
…Ï™ þ×€Ò™ …°ÚÅ. ìÒ›è —œË×°íÅ, Ò×€ ‡¯—«Ë °Æ‘Í™ÚÅ ƒ³ ºÆòº¨Žé³. Å€º ת¥´±Õè㠝›Åºª¦¿ º±ÇÕÅ, œ›Ìò ת¥´³™ ÏØ™ãÅ º±ÇÕÅ ƒ³ Á±Æ‘™ Ž€¥™Žé³.

þ×㑯€À :

±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥´±Ö ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó Åº‘œÃ´±ÌŠת¥›äÖ —µÖÕÅ, œ›Ìò þ‘ÇÖ ×ª¥´±Ö ºÏ´±ÉÅ, Á㍑ÉÅ Á±Æ‘ Ø€ãŽòéî. ƒÅ À‘ת¥´³ —µÖ ×€æè, ‚€î™ —‘źò ‡òñÅ ×€ ê¿»¥´°™³. 19-‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö ºÏ´± Ø€ã¢œÖ ±Å ƒÏ¹°³. °íþº‘³ €é¹°ãþ× œ‘×¦ —œËÆ¿ºª¨ ×ÏŽé³. —°ò‘ ת¥´±Ö …æ¹³, þœ‘ãÅ ‚ŽÆ €×ÉÅ œ›Ìò þ‘ÇÖ µ‘› þµÍ ת¥›äÖ Á㍑ÉÅ, —°ò‘ ת¥´±Ö ÁãÅ Ø€ãŽòéî. ƒ› À‘ÅºÝ Ø€ã¢œÕÅ ±Å. ƒ€× ‡ÖÒ‘™ ‘Ò› äÕÅ ƒ›™ Ž€¥™Žòéî. ƒÌ‘°‘½ÌÅ, ±€œÆòØ€ã, ×èäÊÑ º±è º€îÀÌ›è Á±.

º«¿ºÇэè :
1884-‚Å ‚¯¨ ƒ› ‘¿»´ þ°‘ª¥›è …¯¥‘™¿ºª¥î. 1902-‚Å ‚¯¨ µ‘›þµÍ ת¥´±Ö 27 ‘¿» ‡øþ¥ª¨è ƒÏ¹°î. 1915-ƒÖ 13 þ°‘ª¥›è Àª¨Å °ïÆ‘Ñ ×œÅ ƒÏ¹°î. Ò þ°‘ª¥›äÖ ºÝ›€ã Ø€ã Ø´°îÑ. ƒ› žî-󿺑ïÆ ×€è ºÇÍ¥¿ºª¥î. íé‘Ò´±í þÀÖ À€Ò¿º±ÇÖ ƒÏ™Å —°íÀ€Ò ‡øþ¥ª¨æÅ, þù‘¿ ‡øþ¥ª¨æÅ íé‘Ò´³´ þ°îÏØ™¢ —œÖÕÅ ×ÞÇÖ …èã —°íÀ€Ò ‡øþ¥ª¨æÅ ê¿»¥´°™îבÅ.

ŸíìÒ‘ °Ò›è :

ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö ª¥‘ÆÅ ‘«þׯ¦Æ ƒ¥›ã‘ þݍ¯¥ ƒ¥›€ã™ ê¿»¥Ò‘Å :- ) º‘ºµ‘œÅ ÿÑÙ⢝ ‚) À¬Ã´°‘ì ÿÑÙ⢝ ƒ) íé‘ÒÅ „) ŽÏö«‘½ÌÅ …) ±Ï™ì›¦ †) 凉³€é ½Óè ½Ó¥Å ‡) ã™‘¨ ½Óè ½Ó¥Å ˆ) ˜¹°™ ãÅ ºé€×è ½Ó¥Å ‰) ÍƐãÅ ºé€×è ½Ó¥Å.

) º‘ºµ‘œÅ ÿÑÙ⢝ :
Åº‘œÃ´±ÌÅ ƒÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆ´±ÓϹ³ 8Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ´±Æ À€ÒÇÖ þ°‘òìÅ íé‘ì þÀÒ€«ÇÓϹ³ 40 ¦ —°‘€ÒØÖ ØàŽé³.

‚) À¬Ã´°‘ì ÿÑÙ⢝ :
íé‘Ò´±ÓϹ³ 48Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. À€Ò³ ÏØ ƒÏ™Žé³. ƒ› ä™Å ל±Éèã³. ‚¯¨ Ãà׳ŠÏØÇÖ ÿÑÙâŽé³. ÏØÇò …ÆÌÅ 25 ¦. ä™Å ƒ¥´±Ö ÏØÇò …ÆÌÅ 17¦. ÏØ™™ þÝ 80 ¦ ‚Ý´³™ ÿ¢œÖ ã´€°¿ þº‘òé €À¿½èã³. ƒ› À¬Ã´°‘ì €«€ÆÉÅ ‘«Ò‘Å. —ºÍÆ À¬Ã´°‘ì €«ÇÖ ¾›‘, €Òè, À‘¹þ°‘¿½, —°òî¹þ°‘¿½, —œÆ퀍™€, þ‘Þ¿º¯€î, Âòº¯€«, Ø€°¿º¯€« ðÓÆ€× …èãî. À€Ò³ À‘¤þœ‘€Ò´ þ°‘ª¥›€ã™ ‘«Ò‘Å.

ƒ) íé‘ÒÅ :
±Ï™íé‘ÒÅ, —°ò‘ÇÓϹ³ 3Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ó•ò, ó•€Ò, ‚øª, —œ¿¥ÅºÑ ‚ŽÆ À‘°›è Ï؀ƿ º‘Ñ¿º°í ˆíì ‘ÒÀ‘Å. íé‘Ò´€°¿ ºíê ƒÒ™ŽÆ›è ¶Ìź¿ þºŸŽòéî. ƒÜڀ̢ é¿»´³ 'íé‘Ò éפ' ‡òé ƒÒ™ŽÆÅ ‡à¹³èã³. íé‘Ò´±Ö ÏØÆ‘ ØàÅ ‚íêò —ºÆÑ íé‘ì ‚Å. ƒ¹° ‚ì ±Í˜¥ À€ÒÇÖ þ°‘òê, ×ÏÅ ×ÞÇÖ Ã°ÓÖ ¸–ì ¦ …ÆÌ´±ÓϹ³ ØàŽé³.

þ°ò ÏØ :
þ°ò €¥è Á¹³ ‘«¿º¨×°‘Ö ƒ¿—ºÆÑ …¯¥‘Çíì.

—œ¯º ÏØ :
þ°îÏØ Šòé€Ì™Ö ×€ÌÇÕÅ À€ÒÇÖ íé‘鑍 ‹¦, »é —œ¯º ÀÌ›è ¶€é¹° ‘ª¨ ×ÞþÆ º‘˹³, ÿº³ ¦ …ÆÌÃè㠁ÏØÆ‘ ØàŽé³. ƒ°î‘Ö —œ¯º ÏØ ‡òì —ºÆÑ —ºíìèã³.

—º‘›À‘¥Ö :
—œ¯º ÏØÇÓϹ³ 2 Ö³–ÌÅ º‘˹³, ƒÏ¸–íì ‡¯º³ ¦ …ÆÌÃèã
ÏØÆ‘™ ±™Žé³. ƒ¹° ƒ¥´±Ö ŠþÌ Ù⢝Ƒ ƒÖÒ‘ÀÖ º‘€é þÀÖ Ø๳ —º‘›Ž Ø͹³ âþµ‘™Ž ØàŽé³. ƒ¿º¦ —º‘›Ž ‡à×°‘Ö ƒ€°¿ —º‘›À‘¥Ö ‡òì ˜ìŽé‘эè.

½Ó ÏØ :
íé‘Ò´³™™ ŽÝ™þ ٍ‘Ö €ÀÖ —°‘€ÒØÖ ½Ó ÏØ ƒÏ™Žé³. ½Óè ×¹³ ÿÑ Ï¹³×°‘Ö ƒ¿—ºÆÑ —ºíé³.

‰¹°ÏØ :
íé‘íêò ŠÏ »ÍÚ ‰¹³ Ï؍㑍 ØàŽé³. °î‘Ö ƒ°€î ‰¹°ÏØ ‡î €Ý™ŽòéîÑ. ‚íìÿÑ, ‰¹³ Ï؍㑍 ØàÅ ‘ª ¯æ™ ƒï€ÀÆ‘Å.
—œ¯º ÏØ™ ÏŽÖ —œ¯º þ°Ø ÅÀò þ‘ÇÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. œ‘ÌÖ ‘Ò´±Ö —×ÇÖ À€Ý ³–ì׳ŠÀ‘ê À‘ê µ¥™Å. ÿÑ´±×€Òè ³èä´ —°ê¿º³ ì À€Ýþº‘Ö þ°‘òìÅ. —ºÍÆ ÏØÇÖ œ‘ÌÖ ‘Ò´±Ö ˜ª¥Å ±À‘ ƒÏ™Å. íé‘Òµ‘°Ñ þ‘ÇÕ™´ —°ò½éÅ ìźґ ƒÏ™Žòé³. ‰¹°ÏØ™¿ þº‘Å ×ÞÇÖ ˜´° —ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ØÖ €À¹³èã³. ´±Ì œ€º ‡òñÅ êÆ þ‘ØÖ ŠòìÅ …èã³. ÏØ ØàŽòé ŠÓ —µ¨¹ —°‘€ÒÚ ×€Ì þªÅ. …¥ÓÖ ‡¯—«Ë´ þ°Ë´³™ —‘¯¨ ¶òé‘Ö žÆ™‘Ë þ°Ë™‘ÀþÒ ‡¯—«Ë þº‘Ë Ø¨Å. íé‘Ò´±Ö-ƒÌØÕÅ ºÓÕÅ Ï؀ƿ º‘Ñ¿º³ Ý°‘ò.

„) ŽÏö«‘½ÌÅ :
±Ï—µÖþ×Ó-±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ œ‘€ÒÇÖ, ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó™ 12Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ À‘Ì ŽÏö«¿º‘ ‡òé µ‘Æ™ ÀòîÌ‘Ö ƒÜÛÏÅ þ‘ØÕÅ €À™¿ºª¥î. þ×›¥‘œÒº± þ‘ØÖ ‡î €Ý™¿º¨Žé³. ½Ìª¥‘ À‘°¿ —ºÏØÝ‘ —א é¿º‘™ —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žé³. ƒ™þ‘ØÕè㠝€Òäò Ý€™ —œ‘ÖÓ À‘㑳. —°‘› €œÉ¥ò é×ò ÌœÀ‘̀ƴ ³–™Ž™ —‘¯¨ —œÖÕÅ þº‘³, —º¯¬ò …¥ÓÖ ƒ™‘Ò´±Ö ¬ÉÅ (»þ̝ÆÑ) À‘Ñ¿½™ ¢€œ ‘«¿º¨×³ ØÆ¿º‘î —œË±. žî Í´³¥ò þ°×«Å º€¥´±Ï¿º³, ƒ¿º±ÇÖ žîÑè ƒÏ¹°€°´ —°ÍØ™Žé³.

…) ±Ï™ì›¦ :
ƒ³ —µÖ€ÒÇÓϹ³ 43 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒÆ퀍 ¡â¹° Àþ¹±Ì À€Ò ¦×‘Ì´±Ö, µÅ»Æ‘íêò €ÌÇÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. —ºÏÀ‘晐 µÅ»Ì‘óò ‡òì —ºÆÑ. ƒ´—°ò€Ò €×«×™ þ‘ÇÓÖ ×—ºÏÀ‘ñÅ ƒÏ™Žé‘Ñ. µ‘Ö×Ñ, €ºÌ×Ñ, œ¯¦þŸ×ÌÑ Ã°ÓÆ ºÍ×‘Ì þ°×€°æÅ ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö ×ò þ‘ÇÖ €×«×´°ÒÀ‘ À‘í鿺ª¦Ï™Ò‘Å ‡òŽé Ï´³ …¯¨. ƒ›è㠝׀î "º™Ö ¶òé‘Ñ" ‡òì ±ÏÀ›€Æ‘â×‘Ñ ê¿»ª¨èã‘Ñ. ƒÜÛÑ —ºÏÀ‘€ã¿ºíê —ºÍÆ‘âבÑ, ±ÏÀÞ€œ‚â×‘Ñ µÅÀ‘âבÑ, œ¥þ‘ºÑ, »è€ã¿ —ºÏÀ‘è ËÆ›‘Ñ Ã°ÓþÆ‘Ì‘Ö º‘¥Ö —ºíé °ÒÀ‘Å. ƒ›°‘ò µÅÀ‘â×‘Ñ »é¹°‘Ñ. ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ ‘Ñ´±€, º›ï, ˆ‘°´ ±ÏØÝ‘™è é¿º‘ ¶â¹³ ×ÏŽòéî. Æ‘ä À¯¥ºÅ, ƒÌ° À¯¥ºÅ, ó“ÆÑ À¯¥ºÅ, ´±Ì þ‘½ÌÅ, ƒœ™ŽÆÅÀò, ‚¯¥‘è, ì›¦×ÖÓ´ °‘Æ‘Ñ œ¹¶±è …èãî.

†) 凉³€é ½Óè ½Ó¥Å :
±Ï—µÖþ×ÓÇÓϹ³ 42 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒ¿½Ó¥Å ½Óäò º‘³‘¿½ Ï± …¯¥‘™¿ºª¥³. þÀÕÅ ƒ› ì´€°, œ‘ź‘Ñ À‘ò, ºòê™ Ì¦, ÿÒŽÍ ×€ Ì›, ›×‘Ö Ì› þº‘òé€×€ã™ ‘«Ò‘Å. 凉³€é€Æ™ ‘« ˆíé ‘ÒÅ ™þ¥‘ºÍÓϹ³ óî×Í ×€Ì —œÖÒÒ‘Å. °›×°í ˆíé ל±è …¯¨. ÃòîþÌ º±Ú —œËÆ þׯ¨Å.

‡) ã™‘¨ ØÒ›¿½Ó¥Å :
±Ï—µÖþ×ÓÇÓϹ³ 47 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. °‘×Ì ØÆÒ‘ãэ晐Å, ØÒ›ŽÆÒ‘ãэ晐Šˆíé ƒ¥Å. ƒ› ºÒ×€Æ‘î °‘×Ì›æÅ, ºé€×æÅ ‘«™˜¦Æ°‘ ƒÏ™Žòéî. ƒ›¿ ½Ó, ì´€°, èãµÍ, ‘ª¨ µ‘ˍè, ̑󵑍ŠÀ€Ò¿º‘Ž, ºÒ×€¿º‘Žè ‚ŽÆ€× ‘«¿º¨ Žòéî. ƒ¿½Ó¥´€°™ ‘¯º°í ˆíé À‘°›è : À‘Ñ¢ÓϹ³ —œ¿¥ÅºÑ ×€Ì; ƒ› ›×‘Ö Ì›è º‘³‘™¿º¨Žòéî. ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö þÀÕÅ ‘«´°¹° ƒ¥›ã‘ ƒÏ™Å ºé€×è ½Ó¥›è ˜¹°™ãÅ ºé€×è ½Ó¥Å, ÀíìÅ ÍƐãÅ ºé€×è ½Ó¥Å ðÓÆ€×.

×Þº‘ª¦¥›è :
±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥´±Ö ‘«þׯ¦Æ ÙŽÆÀ‘î ×Þº‘ª¦¥›è »ò×Ϻ€× : ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó-—µÖ€Ò¿ºÑ; œ›Ìµ‘Ì‘Æ«ò þ‘ØÖ; —œ‘Íô€°Æò þ‘ØÖ; ±ÏÀ€Ò™ þ‘ØÖ; µ‘›þµÍ; …×Í-ŸÆŽӛ Ÿ×‘Á þ‘ØÖ; —°ò‘-Øø×µ‘°Ñ þ‘ØÖ; þº‘òé€× €œ×-€×«×´ °Ò›è ‚Å. ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö …èã ½â —ºíé Žê´³× °Ò›è ×ÏÀ‘ì : ±ÏÀ€Ò¿½ÌÅ; þ¥‘î‘ÛÑ; ±€œÆò Ø€ã; ƒ€¥Æò ¦, …×Í, ×¥™òãÅ, º‘€ãÆ›þ‘ª€¥; ƒøÒ‘ÁÆэ晐 þ‘ÇÖº´³, —º‘ª¥Ö ½´³–Ñ °Ñ‘, â™€¥Æ µÖÕ–Ñ ºèäבœÖ, —°ò‘ ‘ª¨º‘ב ºèä בœÖ, ½äÆ›¦ À¡±, þÀÒ¢ —œ×Ö €µî‘ ÍÅÀ³ ºèäבœÖ þº‘òé€× ÙŽÆÀ‘î ×Þ º‘ª¦¥›ã‘Å.

—°‘ÞÖ ×ãÑ¢ :

—°‘ÞÖ×ãÑ¢ ƒòñÅ —ºÏØÖ€Ò. º‘ÌźÍÆ´ —°‘Þ֍þã —ºÏÀãÚ µ¥¹³ ×ÏŽòéî. Ÿ°¹±Ì´±í »é º‘ºî‘œÅ Áòî‘™ ¶€ÒÆÅ ÄÒÅ À³€Ì, ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ, ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥›è Áòל± —ºíìèãî.

¸–Ö ‚€Òè :
ÿ̑؀ƙ —‘¯¨ ƒÆ™¿º¨Å ‚€Òè ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö °‘ò ðò ðґ ¶ì׿ºª¥î. ³ '±Ï—µÖþ×Ó ÁÖ' ‡î €Ý™¿ºª¥³. ƒÅ À‘ת¥´±Õèã ¸–Ö ‚€Òè : À³€ÌÁÖ, Ø™ŽÌÀ›½ÌÅ °‘¤œÓ ÁÖ, œ›Ìò þ‘ØÖ ý «º± ÁÖ, °¢œµÖÕ–Ñ ‘Ñ´±þÆ‘ÁÖ, ØÌ×µÖÕ–Ñ ºÒÌ‘À×ÑÀ‘ÁÖ, —œ›þ‘ª€¥ —µÖ€Ò ‘ª¥ò ÁÖ, °‘€ÝÊ´³ œÚ´ ƒ¹±Æ‘ þ‘בºþ̦› ø»òî› ÁÖ þºª€¥ œ›Ñ ÁÖ, °¢œ µÖÕ–Ñ, Ÿ¹°ÌÅ —¥™ø €¥Öø-µ‘›þîÍ; Ì‘ÀÓ›‘ ÁÖ-þÀÒ¢—œÜ×Ö.

ƒ¹±Æ‘ —À¯¨´ —°‘Þ휑€Ò :
1948-‚Å ‚¯¨ —°‘¥›¿ºª¥³. º¦¿º¦Æ‘ ×ãѹ°³. ƒ´—°‘Þ휑€Ò ÇÕèã Äòé‘׳ ‚€Ò ƒ¹±Æ‘ØþÒþÆ —ºÍÆ ‚€Òæè Šòì. °‘€ÝÊ´±ò Ÿíì ת¥‘Ì´±Ö 8 Ž. ãØÖ Ÿ¯«‘Ž™Ö Ž€¥¿º°‘ÕÅ, ³–´³™¦ ³€éÍŠƒ¿º±ÇÖ ƒÏ¿º°‘ÕÅ ƒ´—°‘ÞÖ ×ãÑ¢Æ€¥¹ ³èã³. ƒ´—°‘Þ휑€ÒÇò …íº´± µ‘—ã‘ò왐 700 ¥òÅ. —×䵑¨ æ™Å ˆíìÀ± —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³. À‘ת¥´±ò »é ƒ¥›äò ×ãÑ¢€Æ™ ‘¯þº‘Å.

œ›Ì µ‘Ì‘Æ«ò þ‘ØÖ :
œ›Ì µÇî‘Ñ þ‘ØÕ™ ×¥™þ ŠÏ º¤œ‘€ÒƒÆ›Žé³. ƒ› ŠÏ ×îøº± —°‘Þ휑€ÒÉÅ …èã³. œ.µ‘. þ‘ØÖ †Ì‘ª ŠòêÆ ‡Ö€Ò™è ºÒ ²¿—ºª¦ —°‘Þ휑€ÒæÅ, Äòì Ī€¥¾¢ ŠÞ¿½ ÀϹ³ —œËÉÅ ¶ì×æÅ, þœ‘¿½ —œËÉÅ —°‘Þҍ›æÅ, ºÏ´± €é™Å ‚€ÒæÅ ƒ› ƒÆ›Žòéî. ב¦™þ‘ª€¥ ŽÌ‘À´±Ö ŠÏ º¤œ‘€Ò …èã³. ƒÜ ת¥Å À€Ý ×ãÅ €é¹°³. ƒ› ´±€Ì º´³™ þÀÖ ‚׬, ½Ìª¥‘ Ã¦Æ þÀË™‘íì ÙŸÅ.

œ›Ì µ‘Æî‘Ñ þ‘ØÓÖ ×ñÅ, —ºÏÀ‘æÅ 'œ›Ì µ‘Ì‘Æ«' צ״±Ö ×Þº¥¿º¨ŽòéîÑ. ƒ› ‚¦ À‘°´±Ö …íœ×´±ò þº‘³ 'À‘ª¨´ °‘׬' µ€¥—ºìÅ œ›Ì µ‘Ì‘Æ«‘Ñ þ‘ØÖ Ž.».1022 ƒÖ ª¥¿ººª¥³. ƒ™þ‘ØÖ þ‘½ÌÅ 125 ¦ …ÆÌÀ‘î³. ½Ó´þ°×Ì‘Ö €À™¿ºª¥ …ªþ‘ØÖ ÀÌ þ×€Òº‘ª€¥™ ‘«Ò‘Å.

µ‘›þîÍ :
—µÖ€Ò À‘ת¥´±ò —°òþ‘¦ÇÕèã³. µÖÒ À€Ý —ºìŠת¥Å. —°ò€Ò €×«×э晐 ÙŽÆÀ‘î 'בîÀ‘À€Ò À¥Å' ƒ›èã³. ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó ÇÓϹ³ µ‘Ñþ‘ØÖ ×Þ´°¥´±Ö 28 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. µÅÀ‘â×‘Ì‘Ö º‘¥Ö—ºíé³. °›´°‘Ö ƒ€Ý™¿ºª¥ À¯¥ºÅ, ³–¯è, µ€è ‘«´ °™€×. ƒ€é×ò: þ°‘´°‘´±Íµ‘°ò. ƒ› ±îÃÅ 5 º¦ ‡¯—«ËÆ‘Ö ±ÏÃà™ —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³. ‡¯—«Ë€Æ¢ þœÑ™Å Ž«ì 1800 œ.¦ …èã³. ƒ› ´þ°‘Ó™Ñè ±Å בâŽòéîÑ. ƒ›è㠃̑œ™ À›Ò´±Ö ª¥¥Å ª¥¿ ºÆòº¨Å íè —ת¦ ‡¨™¿º¨Žòéî.

—œ›þ‘ª€¥ :
ת¥´ °€ÒµÑ. þÀí —°‘¥Ñ¢ À€Ò™ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. °Áâ µ‘ª¦þÒþÆ êÆ ×ª¥Å 194 œ.Ž.Â; ƒ› À€Ý ±Å —ºìŽé³. ó•€Ò Ã°Ö µ×ÅºÑ ×€Ì ¶ÒÚÅ ‘Ò¶€Ò …¥Ö µÒ´±í ˆíé³. ƒÜת¥´±Ö þÀ‘ª€¥ €«, ýÄÒþºÍ €« ‚ŽÆ€× ª¥¿ºª¨èãî. ÙŽÆÀ‘î´ —°‘ÞÖ þ×㑯€ÀþÆ ‚Å. —œ‘¹° þ°€×™ ‚€î™ —‘źò —µÖ€ÒÉÅ, Øíº€î™¢ ìÀ¬—µÖ€ÒÉÅ ºÇͨŽòéîÑ. Ã°Ö þº‘´±Ö —µÖÕ¥ò þœ‘ãÅ, …湳ŠƒÌ¯¥‘׳ þº‘´±Ö Á㍑Ë, —×›‘ÆÅ ‚ŽÆ€×ÉÅ ºÇÌ‘Žòéî. À¯º‘¯¥Å —œË׳Å, »ÌŽ™ ˜€¥è °Æ‘Í¿º³Å ƒ› é¹° ÀéÇÖ µ€¥—ºìŽòéî. ª¥€ãÀ€Ò™ ¦ÇÏ¿»Ö º‘ÒÌ‘À×ÑÀ‘ º¤œ‘€Ò ƒÏ™Žé³. —œ›þ‘ª€¥ 'À¯—ת¦' ½â—ºíé³. 'þ°‘€œ™Ö' ƒ› —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³. —œÜב˙ ŽÝ€ÀäÖ œ¹€° ˜¨Žé³. þºÖ ª¥¿ ºÆòº¨Å Ä›ŽÖ ºª€¥è ± ãÚ ˆíìÀ± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî.

—°ò‘ :
ת¥´ °€ÒµÑ. ˆé´°‘Ý 1030 œ.Ž. ºÌ¿ºãÚ —‘¯¥³. À€ÝÆãÚ Á± Æ‘ …èã³. þÀí —°‘¥Ñ¢ À€ÒÇÖ …èã³. ƒ°ò —°‘¥Ñ¢Æ‘î À€Ò æÅ, òìæÅ, º‘€éæÅ ƒÜת¥—À›Å —°òº¨Žòéî. —°ò‘ ת¥´±Ö°‘ò íé‘ÒÅ €À¹³èã³. —º‘Ï€µÉÅ, íì–ìÅ º‘œî ל±™ …°ÚŽòéî. ÏØÉÅ, œ‘ÌÕÅ ƒÜת¥´±í Ž€¥´° µò—‘€¥è.

Ž.». 1445 ƒÖ »í‘Ò º‘¯¦Æэã‘Ö ª¥¿ºª¥ ‘ ؟׵‘°Ñ þ‘ØÖ ƒ›¯¨. º´³™ €è —‘¯¥ µ¥Ì‘œÑ €ÒÉÅ, 16 €è —‘¯¥ ±Ï…Ï×ÃÅ ƒ™þ‘ÇÓÖ …¯¨. ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ ¸¯¬Æ þ×€Òº‘¨ ±Å. ƒ› ‰¿º, À‘ —ºÍÆ ±ÏØݑב™ —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žé³. þ×㑯€ÀÉÅ, —µœÚ´—°‘ÞÕÅ µò ×ãѹ³ ×ÏŽòéî. ºª¨¿¾¢ ×ãÑ™Å º¯€« …èã³. œ‘Æ´—°‘ÞÕÅ, µÖ—Ò¯€« ׬ÃÅ, ÀÌÅ ì™Å —°‘ÞÕÅ µ€¥ —ºìŽòéî. ƒ›èã þ°‘ª¥›äÖ Ìø°‘ä בݿºÝÅ Á±Æ‘ Ø€ãŽé³. À‘ÅºÝ ‚Ì‘Ë¢¿ º¯€« ŠòìÅ —œÆÖº¨Žé³.

Åº‘ œÃ´±ÌÅ :
ת¥´ °€ÒµÑ. —º‘±€ À€ÒÉÅ, —º‘Ï€µÆ‘ìÅ €À¹° ×ãÀ‘î †Ñ. ƒÜת¥´±ò ºÌ¿ºãÚ 1280 œ.Ž. ƒÏ ºÏ×™‘íé‘ÕÅ À€Ý —ºìŽé³. Ò œÀÆÅ 1500 Á.Â. ×€Ì —ºË׳¯¨. ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò ‚ìè €î´³Å ƒ¹° ת¥´±Ö °‘ò þ°‘òìŽòéî. ƒÜת¥´±Ö …èã À¬Ã´°‘ì µÌ €À¿½ é¿º‘î³. ƒÜÛÑ —œ›þ‘ª€¥-±Ï—µÖþ×Ó ƒÌÇÖ º‘€°ÇÖ …èã³. ƒ› ÖØ, ÀÏ´³×Å, ת¥ Õ×ҍ›è, þ×㑯€À ‚Ì‘Ë¢ ¶€ÒÆŠðÓÆî …èãî. Åº‘œÃ´±ÌÅ 'Å€º' ‡î €Ý™¿º¨Žé³. ƒ› žÌ‘î ‘Ò¶€Ò ¶ÒÚ×°‘Ö …¥Ö µÒ´±í ˆíé †Ñ. —µœÚ™ —ºÆÑ—ºíé³. ƒ› —µÖ ؀㢜ÕÅ Á±. þÌã‘Øí —µÖ ˆíìÀ±Æ‘Žé³. ÀÌØÆ‘º‘ÌÅ é¿º‘î —°‘ÞÖ. Ý¹€° Ø€ãÆ‘ª¨¿ —º‘Ïèè —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. ÖØ ×ãÑ¢ÇÖ ƒÜÛÑ Ãòî¬ ×Ž™Žé³.

±Ï—µÖþ×Ó :
À‘ת¥´ °€ÒµÑ ŸÀ‘Ñ 850 œ.Ž. ºÌ¿ºãÚèã³. Äòì ‘ÖבˍäÓϹ³ ÿÑ —ºìŽé³. À³€Ì-òïÆ‘ÀÍ þ°Æ —µ¨¤œ‘€Òƒ¹µÑ ×ÞþÆ —œÖŽé³. ½€×¯¦ œ¹±¿½ ¶€ÒÆÀ‘ …èã³. À‘ת¥´°€Ò€À Õ×ҍ›è, ׬
¶ì×è, ì —°‘ÞÖ ¶ì×è, ÖØ, ÀÏ´³×Å þº‘òé€×è €À¹ ³èãî. ‡ÖÒ‘×€Æ‘î —º‘Ϫæ™Å é¹° œ¹€°Æ‘ ƒ¹µÌÅ —œÆÖ º¨Žé³.

ƒ›èã —µÖ€ÒÆ¿ºÑ þ‘ØÖ ½â—ºíé³. ‰×€ Àò雍äÖ ƒ›èã³ —œÅ½ ÀòéÅ. µ¨ØÖ …èã À¬ À¯¥º´±Ò —ºÏ›Ö³–¯ …èãî. ŠÜ —בòìÅ °ï´°ï¢ ŸÌÅ ‡à¿½Å °ò€À …€¥Æî. ƒ› —×è€ã µ¹± …èã³. ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ ¸ªºÀ‘î þ׀ҍ€ã™ ‘«Ò‘Å. ƒ€é×ò 'þ×Ëô° µ‘°ò'. Å€À : ‘¹±À±ÆÅ€À.

ƒÌ‘°‘½ÌÅ:
ת¥´ °€ÒµÑ 'Ì‘óÌ‘ó½ÌÅ' ‡òºþ° Ì‘°‘½ÌÀ‘Çíì. ƒ°ò ºÌ¿ºãÚ 1563 œ.Ž.Â. ƒ¿º±äÖ À«í‘¨ Á±. —º‘± À‘ª¦ò Âþ° —º‘Ïèè —‘¯¨ —œ‘ÖÒ¿º¨×³ ƒòìÅ ƒ› ×Ý™Å. ƒÌ‘°‘½ÌÅ ×ò þ‘ØÖ …è㠁ÅÀñ™ À¤œè ‘¬™€Æ‘¢ —œÕ´°¿º¨Žé³. ƒ¿º¦ þœÏÅ À¤œ€ã ˆÒÅ þº‘¨×³ ×Ý™Å.

º‘€ãÆ›þ‘ª€¥ :
µ‘Æ™ò ‘Ò´±Ö º€¥´°€Ò×Ì‘ Øã›ŽÆ ÍƵ‘° ðÓÆ‘Ñ ª¦Æ þ‘ª€¥ÇÖ º‘€ãÆ›è (º€¥) °›Ž ƒÏ¹°°°‘Ö ƒÜÛÑ º‘€ãÆ›þ‘ª€¥ ‡òì €Ý™¿º¨Žé³. ÖØ ¶€ÒÆ›è ¶€éÆ ‘«¿º¨×°‘Ö òî ‚™øþº‘ª ‡òìÅ €Ý™¿º¨Žé³. þœŸ œ€ºÇîÑ µ¥´³Å ½ï° œþ×ÍÆ‘Ñ ÖÕ–Í ½â —ºíé°‘Å. ƒ› ¶€éÆ ŽÏ´³×™ þ‘ÇÖè …èãî. ƒ›ŽÔø œÑ¢, »Ì‘òø þ°×‘ÒÆÅ, —œÇòª ¹þ°‘¬ ‚¿ º‘³Ì‘ ðÓÆ€× Ã™ŽÆÀ‘î€×. º‘€ãÆ›þ‘ª€¥ÉÅ, ±Ï—µÖþ×ÓÉÅ ƒÌª€¥ µÌ›ã‘Å.

ž×Ò¿þºÍ :
ƒ› íé‘ì, Æ´°‘ì, —º‘Ï€µ ‡òé ÄבìæÅ ˜¨×°‘Ö Ã™˜¥Ö ‡òì €Ý™¿º¨Žé³. ´±€Ì, ‚׬ À‘°›äÖ À‘ª¨¢ œ¹€° µ€¥—ºìÅ.

°¢œµÖÕ–Ñ :
±Ï—µÖþ×ÓÇÓϹ³ 3 Ž. ץ™þ …èã³. »´°€ã¿ º‘´±Ì´ —°‘ÞÖ Ã™ŽÆÀ‘î³. ƒÌ¯¨ ¸–Ò‘€ÒæÅ Áòœ‘Ì þÀ‘ª¥‘Ñ …±Íº‘›è —œËÉÅ —°‘Þí ˜¥ÃÅ œÑ™€Ì ‚€ÒÉÅ ƒ› …èãî.

×€œÒÅ :
ƒ› Šã€× ‚øÌÀÃÅ, ÒªŸÁ ‚°‘Ì ‚ÍÆ¿ ºÇ흿 ºèäÉÅ …èãî.

œ›Ñ µÑ :
ƒ¹±Æ‘ —À¯ª —°‘Þ휑€ÒÉÅ, —°̵