—ºÆÑ™ ‘Ì«Å :

ÿÑ ¶€é¹° ¶Ò´€°´ ³–Ñ´³´ ³€éÍÃÅ ¦Ç쿽Šþ°‘òêÆ †Ñ ‡òº°‘Ö ³–´³™¦ ‡òé‘Çíì. ב€™ãÅ, ›€™—‘¯¥‘ò Ö—ת¨™äÖ ƒÜÛр̴ '³–íꙐ¦' ‡òþé ê¿»¥¿ºª¨èã³.

°€ÒµÑ:
³–´³™¦; ºÌ¿ºãÚ: 4,621 œ.Ž.Â; À™è —°‘€: 14,55,920; ‡à´°êÚ: 9,20,887; À€ÝÆãÚ: 662 Á.Â; œ‘€Ò ÿãÅ: 3,839 Ž.Â; º±Ú—ºíé בî›è: 31,504; ‘×Ö ¶€ÒÆ›è 44; ×›Žè 164; ¤œÒ›è : 418; ÌŸÀÏ´³×À€îè 10; —°‘¥™ ÀÏ´³× µÒ ¶€ÒÆ›è 47; ±€ÌÆÌ››è 62.

‡Ö€Òè :
ŽÝ™ŽÕÅ, —°íŽÕÅ ×›‘ã Ø͐¥‘; þÀíŽÖ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ, ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥›è, ×¥™ŽÖ ‘ÀÌ‘œÑ À‘ת¥Å ƒ°ò ‡Ö€Òè.

…è㑪 ¶ì×è :
µÌ‘ª-2; †Ì‘ª ŠòêÆÅ-12; þºÐÌ‘ªè-20; º¤œ‘Æ´³™è-408; ™ŽÌ‘À›è1,0121.

œª¥œ€º —°‘±è :
7 () Øã‘´±™ãÅ (‚) ‹ª¥¿»¥‘ÌÅ (ƒ)þ‘ØÖºª¦ („) œ‘´°‘òãÅ (…) ±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ (†) ý€×¯¥Å (‡) ³–´³™¦.

º‘Ì‘æÀòé´ —°‘± :
1 ±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ

ÖØ :
ºèäè :

—°‘¥™¶€Ò 1,067
µ¨¶€Ò 284
…ÆѶ€Ò 64
þÀÖ¶€ 79
ÖÕ͍è 10
—º‘êÇÖ 1

ÖՖ͍è :

—°‘.¸.ÖÕ–Í 4
Øל‘Æ™ÖÕ–Í 1
—°‘ÞÖºÇ흙 ÖÕ–Í 3
‚ÍÆÑ ºÇí ÖÕ–Í 2

×ÌÒ‘ì :

þº‘Ñ¢Ÿ™ÆэæÅ, ¥¢Ÿ™‘ÌэæÅ :
Ž.». 1532-ƒÖ ðò ðґ þº‘Ñ¢Ÿ™ÆÑè ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö ‘Ö €×´°îÑ. 1658-ƒÖ ¥¢Ÿ™‘Ìэè ×¹°°î‘Ö þº‘Ñ¢ŸÖ ‚±™Å òé³. º‘€ãÆ™‘ÌÑ äò €Ý¿»ò þºÍÕÅ, ±Ïב›˜Ñ ÀòîÍò º€¥ …°ØÉ¥ñÅ, ¥¢Ÿ™‘ÌÑ è Ãòþîé´ —°‘¥›ŽîÑ. ÍÅÀ³ ÊŸ¿ º€¥±Ìª¨×€° þèØ¿ºª¥³Å ¥¢Ÿ™‘Ìэè À«¿º‘ª€¥ ‘Ó —œË³ ت¨, ³–´³™¦ ×ÞÆ‘ °‘˵‘¨ —œòì ت¥îÑ. µ‘Ë™Ñ ‚ª œ¹°‘œ‘Ž¿»î‘Ö Ã¦Úíé³. Ñµ‘¥Å ‚퍑¨ µ×‘¿ €ÇÖ Ø๰³. ÍÅÀ°Ó ±Ï—µÖþ×Ӏƙ €¿ºíé ŠÏ º€¥€Æ ñ¿»î‘Ñ. 1755-ƒÖ —ùÌ‘ò °€Ò€ÀÇÖ ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ º€¥ ŽãŻƳ. º‘€ãÆ™‘ÌÑè ŽÝ™™ ¥í€Ì´ ³€éÍ›è ƒÌ¯€¥ÉÅ ŽÝ™Ž¹±Æ Å—ºïƑͥŠŠ¿º€¥´°îÑ. ƒ™‘Ò´±Ö µ×‘¿»í™ ¿º›ª¥ Àì´°×эäÖ °€ÒÆ‘î×Ñ ¾Ó´þ°×Ñ ‚בÑ.

ƒ¿º±ÇÖ ‚›ŽþÒÆ€Ì ‡±Ñ´³ º‘€ãÆ™‘ÌÑè —°‘¥Ñ¹³ ÒÅ —œË³ ×¹°îÑ. º‘€ãÆ™‘Ìэ晐 ‚°Ìב œ¹°‘œ‘Ž¿, »Ì¤Ÿ º€¥è ƒÏ¹°î. 1761-ƒÖ ½³¢þœÍ€Æ ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ €¿ºíêÆ°‘Ö »Ì¤Ÿ‘ÌÑè º‘€ãÆ™‘ÌÑ æ™ …°Ø —œËÆ À촳ت¥îÑ. 1764-‚Å ‚¯¨ º‘€ãÆ›þ‘ª€¥ ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ ×œÅ ×¹°³. ‘㙍‘¨, º«¦ º±è µ×‘¿»íÅ, —œ›þ‘ª€¥ ±Ïב›˜Ñ ÌœÏ™Å ت¨™ —‘¨™¿ºª¥î. 1767 þÀóÑ »ä¯ª º‘¤œ‘Ò›ê¢ ³ º€¥—ƨ´°‘ò. 1783-‚Å ×ϥŠ½ÖÒÑ¥ò °€Ò€ÀÇÖ º‘¤œ‘Ò›ê¢ ¡€éÆ‘¥¿ºª¥³. ›ŽÏ¹° 40,000 —º‘ò µ‘«Æ›€ã ‚›ŽþÒÆÑè º› þº‘ª¨—‘¯¥îÑ.

1785-‚Å ‚¯¨ ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥Å µ×‘¿»ò ÁÖ°‘ͥŠŠ¿º€¥™¿ ºª¥³. 1797-‚Å ‚¯¨ —Ò™¥Ñ 󑙜€î ª¥—º‘ÅÀò þºª¦ ‘¯º°í, ƒÌ‘Àµ‘° ½Ì´±Õè㠃̑ÀÓ› ØÒ‘œ´±í —œòé þº‘³ Ý¿ºÅ ×Ìþ×, ‚›ŽÒ´ °ãº± Žã‘Ñ™ —‘€Ò —œËÆ¿ºª¥‘ò. ƒ°ò »òîÑ Ò‘ÒÅ Þ´³ º‘¤œ‘Ò›ê¢ º‘îÑþÀî‘Ö —×íꗍ‘è㿺ª¥³. º¦¿º¦Æ‘ ‡±Ñ´° º‘€ãÆ™‘ÌÑè €î×€ÌÉÅ Š¨™Ž, µ×‘¿€ºÉÅ —œÖÒ‘™‘œ‘™Ž ت¨ ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ 1801-‚Å ×ϥŠ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó€Æ ‡¨´³™ —‘¯¥îÑ. 1910-‚Å ‚¯¦í »é ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì À‘ת¥´€° …¯¥‘™ŽîÑ. 1986-‚Å ‚¯¨ ¶Ñב ל± Ï± ¥í€ÌþÆ‘Ì¿ º±€ã »Í´³ ³–´³™¦ À‘ת¥Å …¯¥‘™¿ºª¥³.

‚íì×ãÅ :

³–´³™¦ À‘ת¥´±Ö …íº´±Æ‘Å µ±è ‡³ÚÁÖ€Ò. ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥´±Ö …íº´±Æ‘Å ‚ìè ³–´³™¦ À‘ת¥Å ×ÞÆ‘ º‘˹³ ŽÝ™ŽÕè㠍¥ÓÖ þº‘Ë¢ þœÏŽòéî.

ý€×¯¥Å ת¥Å :
—º‘Ï€µ¿ º‘œî´°‘Ö é¿½ —ºìŽé³. Àϳ–Ñ €«™ª¦ÓϹ³ þÀÒ™‘Ö, Ý™‘Ö ‚ŽÆ ƒÏ ‘ÖבˍæÅ ý€×¯¥Å €«™ª¦ÓϹ³ —°í ×¥™¿ »Ì°‘î ב˙‘֍æÅ º‘œî´³™ ÿÑ ×Ý›Žòéî.

þ‘ØÖºª¦ ת¥Å :
ÀÒª¥‘ì, …¿þº‘€¥ þº‘òé€× þÀª¨ ¶Ò›äÖ —ºËÉÅ À€Ýÿ€Ì —ºíì, ³–´³™¦™´ —°í 1 Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØÕèã þ‘Ì¿ºèãÅ ã´±ò ×ÞÆ‘¢ —œòì ¥ÓÖ Ò™Žé³.

Øã‘´±™ãŠת¥Å :
€×¿º‘íêÖ ±§Ñ —×èãÅ ˆíº¨Å. Øã‘´±™ ãÅ-þ‘ØÖºª¦ œ‘€Ò™ ¥™Á¥´±Ö —×è㠍‘Ò›äÖ þº‘™×Ì´³ ƒÏ™‘³. ñÀòµ±- ±Ïב›˜ÍÖ …íº´±Æ‘Ž ƒ› ¥ÓÖ Ò™Žé³.

ý€×¯¥Å €«™ª¨ :
ƒ³ 1889-ƒÖ ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ ‚ª ‘Ò´±Ö 17.75 ƒÒªœ к‘ÇÖ ª¥¿ºª¥³. ƒ°î‘Ö ³–´³™¦ À‘ת¥´±Ö 12,000 ˆ™Ï™ þÀíºª¥ µ¤€œ ¶Ò›è º‘œî ב˿½ —ºíìèãî.

À¬Ã´°‘ì €«™ª¨ :
ƒ¹° €«™ª¨ ÄÒÅ ±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ, ý€×¯¥Å ת¥›è —ºÏÀãÚ º‘œî ÿÑ —ºìŽòéî.

‘ª¨×ãÅ :
³–´³™¦ À‘ת¥´±Ö ‘ª¨×ãÅ €éþ×. Ø¥´þ°€Ì ‡òñÅ îÀ‘î, €ÌÆ‘ò Í™ æƑ° ŠÏ×€ ÀÌÅ ±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ ×ª¥´±Ö ‘«¿º¨Žé³. ›Åºª¦ À€Ò¿º±ÇÕÅ, À¬ ô°‘íêò ƒÏ €ÌäÕÅ, —µÖÓÀÌ›è ±Å …èãî. ìÀ€ÒÇÕÅ, —‘ݹ³ À€ÒÇÕÅ ÀÏ´³× ÄÓ€è Ž€¥™Žòéî. ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò ¥þÒ‘Ì¿ º±äÖ º€î ÀÌ›è —œÞ´³ ×ãѹ³èãî.

þ°Íè :
±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ, ý€×¯¥Å ת¥›äÖ þ°Í ‡òñÅ À«íòìè ‘«¿º¨ Žòéî. þ°Í ‡òº³ —œ™´ ×¹° À«íº‘›‘î ƒ¥Å. þ‘€¥™ ‘íêî‘Ö, þ°Íè þ°‘íéÅ À‘ê, À‘ê ‘«¿º¨Å. ƒ€¥Æò ¦, ±€Ì—À‘Þ, œ‘´°‘ò ãÅ º±äÕèã þ°Íè …ÆÌÀ‘î òé þÀ¥‘Å. ƒ³ þº‘òé þ°Í€ã »é À‘ת¥›äÖ ‘«Ã¦Æ‘³.

þ×㑯€À :

ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò ×¥þ‘¦ÇÕÅ, —°ò þ‘¦ÇÕÅ º‘œî ל± þº‘±ÆãÚ ƒÖ€Ò. ƒ€¥¿ºª¥ ת¥›äÖ ½¤€œºÇÑè ºÇÍ¥¿º¨Žòéî.

ºÏ´± :
³–´³™¦ À‘ת¥´±Ö, þ‘ØÖºª¦, ý€×¯¥Å ת¥›äÖ ºÏ´±ÉÅ, Á㍑ÉÅ —ºÍÆ ãØÖ …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. þ‘ØÖºª¦ ת¥Å, ƒ¹±Æ‘ØþÒþÆ Á¹° ãØÖ ºÏ´± Ø€ãÉÅ º±Æ‘™ Ï°¿º¨Žé³. ƒ¿º± ‘Ò¹°‘â¹³ À€Ý —ºìŽòé ‘Ì«´°‘Ö, »é À‘ת¥›æ™¿ »òîþÌ, ƒ›¿ ºÏ´± Ø€ã׳ ×Ý™Å.

ù±Í :
±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ ×ª¥´±Ö ù±Í¿ ºÇì Ø€ã¢œÖ ê¿»¥´ °™°‘Å. ù±Í ؀㢜ՙ¿ ¾×Ìœ¹°€Ý€Æ …ÌÀ‘¿ ºÆòº¨´³×³ ƒ› ×Ý™Å.

º€î :
—µ¨›‘ÒÀ‘þ×, ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò À«íºÌ¿»Ö º€î ×ãѹ³ —œÞ´³™ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. ±€œÆò Ø€ã, ÒþœÌ¿ºª¦îÅ, …¥ò¦ þº‘òé †Ñè º€î™ ½â —ºíé€×.

»é ºÇэè :
þ‘ØÖºª¦ ת¥´±Ö ºÏ´±™ ¨´°º¦Æ‘ Å½, …æ¹³, þœ‘ãÅ, Á㍑Ë, ÀÖÓ, —×›‘ÆŠðÓÆî µÖÒ Ø€ã¢œ€Ò™ ¯¨ ×ÏŽòéî.

þ×㑯€À ‚Ì‘Ë¢ ¶€ÒÆÅ :
þ‘ØÖºª¦ÇÖ …èã ƒ¹° ‚ËÚ ¶ì×îÅ ºÏ´± þ×㑯€À¿ºíê ‚ËÚ €ã µ¥´± ×ÏŽé³. þœ‘ã´³™¿ »é ºÇÍ¥¿º¨Å ºÏ´±™™ þ¨ …¯¥‘‘ ׯ«Å, þœ‘ã´³™ ¡¿ºÑ º‘¯þ¥ª …ÌÃÅ ºÏ´±™ þÀ‘ïÆÅ
œÖþºª¨ …ÌÃÅ ºÆòº¨´° º¥Ò‘Å ‡òº³ ƒ¹° ‚ËÚ ¶ì×î´°‘Ö ¯¥êÆ¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ›™ ¯¨ »¦™¿ºª¥ ½±Æ ×€ ºÏ´±è: þ2, þ5, þ6 ‡òé Ï›¯¬¿ ºÏ´±×€è. ƒ€× ƒ¹±Æ‘ ‡›Å ºÌØÉèãî.
ž ‰Ò¯¨ ‘ª¥ò ‡òìÅ ÿ¯¥ ƒ€Ý¿ ºÏ´± ±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ, ý€×¯¥Å º±äÖ ±ãØÖ ºÇÍ¥¿º¨Žé³. žÍÆ Ã€éÇÖ ƒÆ›Å ÌŸ Ø€°¿ º¯€«äÖ ƒ³ÚÅ Šòì.

—°‘ÞÖ ×ãÑ¢ :

³–´³™¦ À‘ת¥Å 86-‚Å ‚¯¨ ½±°‘ »é¹° À‘ת¥Å ‚€Æ‘Ö ƒï °‘ò ƒ› —°‘ÞÖ×ãÑ¢ ˆíº¥þׯ¨Å.

À̽´ —°‘Þ֍è :
ô³™ ä´°Ö, Âò»¦´°Ö, Àªº‘¯¥›è —œË°Ö, º‘Ë »òñ°Ö, …¿½™ ‘Ë¢Ÿ°Ö, €´°ê —µœÚ ðÓÆ€× º‘ÌźÍÆÀ‘ µ¥¹³ ×ÏŽé³.

º‘Ë »òñ°Ö :
þ‘€Ì ½í€ã 25 µ‘ªè —×ÇÓÖ …ÒÑ´±, —º‘òïéÅ —ºíé³Å, ‹¨Žòé ÿÍÖ ŠÏבÌÅ µ€îÆ €×´³, ÞÚ µ‘эè ÿ™¿ºª¨, þÀÖ þ°‘Ö ºª¨¿ þº‘òé ¸¯¬Æ ƒ€Ýã‘ ÿãÀ‘™ ŽÞ™¿ºª¨ À¥Æ¿º¨Žé³.

…¿½™ ‘Ë¢Ÿ°Ö :
—°òþÀ퐿 ºÏ×™‘í€é íé‘ÒÀ€Ò´ °¨¿º³Å, ×¥ŽÝ™¿ ºÏ×™‘íêò ×ÕØݹ°´ °ò€ÀÉÅ …¿½™ ‘Ë¢Ÿ×°í ˆíé ¡â¶€ÒÆ´ °Ï×°î‘Ö ƒ´—°‘ÞÓÖ é¿º‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. ƒ› …íº´±Æ‘Å …¿»ò ãÚ ƒ¹±Æ ãØÖ º´±Ö ŠÏ º›‘Å. ƒ´—°‘ÞÓÖ ‚ÇÌ™«™‘þî‘Ñ „¨ºª¨èãîÑ.

ô³™ä´°Ö :
À̺‘ µ¥¹³×ÏÅ —°‘ÞÒ‘Å. ƒ³ ‚¯¨ Ãà׳Šµ€¥—ºìÅ —°‘ÞÖ ÖÒ. Àíé ‘Ò›äÖ œ› ‡¨™Å —°‘ÞÖ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

Âò»¦´°Ö :
ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò ¥þÒ‘Ì›è ‡›Å Âò »¦ —°‘ÞÖ é¿º‘ µ¥¹³ ×ÏŽé³. ƒ°ò ‘Ì«À‘ ºÒ äѺ°î¢ œ‘€Òè þ°‘òêÉèãî. Âòè º°¿º¨´°¿ºª¨ ¦òäÖ €¥´³ ˆíìÀ± —œË׳ 1963-ƒÖ —°‘¥›Ž µ¥¹³ ×ÏŽé³. ƒ°î‘Ö ¹¶Æ¢ —œÒ‘׬ Ž€¥™Žé³.

¸–Ò‘€Òè :
ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ò —œÆÖºª¨ ×ÏÅ ‚€Òè; À³€Ì ÁÖ-³–´³™¦; Ò‘ÆÖ —¥™ø€¥Öø-þ‘ØÖºª¦; —ÒªŸÁ ÁÖ-þ‘ØÖºª¦; ³–´³™¦ ø»òï› ÁÖ-³–´³™¦; ±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ þ‘בºþÌ¦Ü ø»òï›ÁÖ-µ‘œþÌ´.

—º‘ª¥‘õ’ÆÅ þ㑀̨ —°‘Þ휑€Ò :
ƒ´—°‘Þ휑€Ò øþ¥ª ¦þ̦› ‘Ñ¿ºþÌõò À´±Æ …¿½ ‚Ì‘Ë¢ ¶ì×î´ °‘Ö ³–´³™¦ÇÖ µ¥´°¿ºª¨ ×ÏŽé³.

þ‘´°‘Í —ºÑ¦€ÒœÑø :
1966-ƒÖ —°‘¥›¿ºª¥³. ³–´³™¦ÇÖ €À™¿ºª¨èã ƒ´—°‘Þ휑€Ò ‚¯¨™¢ ŸÀ‘Ñ 5 ƒÒªœÅ ¥ò þÀ‘ïÆÅ º‘øþºª …ÌÅ …íº´± —œËÉÅ ±éò —‘¯¥³.

°Ì›´°‘Ì‘ ƒÌœ‘Æî —°‘Þ휑€Ò :
³–´³™¦™ 25Ž.Â. —°íþ, ¥í€Ì™ —°‘€ÒØÖ, ƒ¹¶ì×îÅ €À™¿ ºª¦Ï™Žé³. ‚¯¨™ ŸÀ‘Ñ 75,000 ¥ò ‘ø¦™ þœ‘¥‘ °Æ‘Í™ æÉÅ. …íº´±™¢ œ‘°À‘ µÙî ƒÆ¹±Ì›è —º‘Ï´°¿ºª¨èãî. ‘Öõ’ÆÅ ‘Ñ€º¨ 15,000 ¥òñ™ …íº´± —œËÆ¿º¨Žé³. »ã‘ø¦™ŽÖ ºÆòº¨´°¿ º¨Å þº‘ÓØïÖ þ㑀̨ ðÓÆ ºÒ —º‘ÏèæÅ ƒ›´ °Æ‘Ì‘Žòéî.
ƒ³ ‚Æ‘ØþÒþÆ —ºÍÆ ƒÌœ‘Æî´ —°‘Þ휑€Ò ‚Å. —°‘¥™´±Ö Äòé€Ì™ þ‘¦ к‘Ë ÄÒ°î´±Ö —°‘¥›¿ºª¥ ƒ´—°‘Þ휑€Ò, ƒòì ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö ×ãÏÅ —ºÍÆ —°‘Þ휑€ÒäÖ Šò鑐Å.

—°‘ÞÖ —°‘¥›¢ œ‘´±Æ™ ˜ìè :
ƒÅÀ‘ת¥Å —°‘ÞÖ ×ãÑ¢ÇÖ »ò°›Ž ƒÏ¿º°‘Ö —°‘ÞÕ™‘î œ‘´±Æ™ ˜ì€ã ‚̑˹° þ°Æ —°‘ÞÖ ×ãÑ¢ ¶ì×îÅ ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±Ö —°‘ÞÖè —°‘¥›×°í‘î ב˿½€ã ‚̑˹³ þÝ ¯¥€×€ã —œÆÖº¨´³×³ —°‘ÞÖ Ã€îþבϙ ב˿º‘ ƒÏ™Å ‡òì —°ÍØ´³èã³, €×Æ‘×î :

1. ÏŽ œ™€€ã¿ ºÆòº¨´± ‘Ž° ‚€Òè.
2. À«¿º‘¨-³–´³™¦ ðÓÆ ¥þÒ‘Ì›äÖ Ž€¥™Å Ÿ¯«‘Ž º¦×›€ã™ —‘¯¨ —À¯ª —°‘Þ휑€Òè
3. Âò€ã¿ º°¿º¨´± ˆíìÀ± —œË°Ö
4. בîÅ º‘Ñ´° 'Øã‘´±™ãÅ' º±äÖ þ×㑯€À µ€¥—ºé ÃÆí —œË°Ö.
5. þ°Í À«ÓÓϹ³ ƒÌœ‘Æ€ã¿ »Í´—°¨™Å —°‘Þ휑€Ò.
6. …¿½ —°‘Þ֍è.
7. ô³ä-œ›—¨´°€Ò ˆíìÀ± —œË׳

³€éÍ ׬Å :
ƒ¹±Æ‘ØÖ þ×ì ‡¹° ³€éÍ´±íÅ Žª¥‘° ŠÏ —ºÏ€À ³–´³™¦ ³€éÍ´±í Ž€¥´±Ï™Žé³. …ÒŽÖ ŠÏ Ò ³€é Í›æ™ Àª¨þÀ °Ì¿ºª¦Ï™Å œÑ×þ°œ °Ì¢ œ‘òê°Ö ‰‡ø‹ 9002, »¿Ì×Í 1996 ƒÖ ³–´³™¦ ³€éÍ´±í ×Ý›¿ºª¨èã³. ŽÝ™™ ¥í€ÌþÆ‘Ì´±Ö —œò€î™ ¨´° —ºÍÆ ³€éÍŠ³–´³™¦Æ‘€Æ‘Ö, ƒ› ˆíìÀ±, ƒé™À± ב¬Å é¹° ª¨¿º‘ª¦Ö
µ€¥—ºìŽé³. ƒ› ÙŽÆ €À¿½è —ºÏź›‘íê ×ÏŽòéî.

1. ‰þÌ‘¿»Æ ׬Ñäò-³–´³™¦ þœÅºÑ ‚¿ ‘ÀÑø
2. ƒ¹±Æ ׬Ñäò - ƒ¹±Æò þœÅºÑ ‚Ü ‘ÀÑø
3. ³–´³™¦ —°‘Þ휛Å
4. ³–´³™¦ - ƒÒ›€ ˆíìÀ± ƒé™À±Æ‘ãÑ ×¬¢œ€º.
5. °òº‘³ …¿½ ØÆ‘º‘Íè œ›Å.
6. …¿½ …íº´±Æ‘ãÑ œ›Å
7. ³–´³™¦ µ‘ª¨¿ º¥ …Í€ÀÆ‘ãÑ œ›Å.
8. ³–´³™¦ ¿ºÖ »Ì±¶±è œ›Å.
9. ³–´³™¦ ƒÏŽ °ãב¥ ׬Ñ œ›Å.
10. ³–´³™¦ µ‘Ñ¿—º‘Ïè ׬Ñ œ›Å.
11. Ÿ› þ׀ҍ€ã æ´³™ —‘¨™Å-׬ ˆ—󯨍äò œ›Å.
12. ‘Öµ€¥ ˆíìÀ±Æ‘ãÑ œ›Å.

1. À³€Ì þœÅºÑ ‚¿ ‘ÀÑø
2. ØϳµÑ þœÅºÑ ‚¿ ‘ÀÑø
3. ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ þœÅºÑ ‚¿ ‘ÀÑø
‚ŽÆ €À¿½æ™Å ³–´³™¦þÆ €ÀÆ ƒ¥À‘ …èã³.

ïÀ×ãÅ :
) 󒿜Š: þ‘ØÖºª¦ ת¥´±ÕÅ, Ï«‘œÒ½ÌÅ, Šª¥¿»¥‘ÌÅ,
‡ª€¥Æ‘½ÌÅ, º±äÕÅ Á¹° ãØÖ ó’¿œÅ Ž€¥™Žé³. ƒ³ —À¯ª
…íº´±™ þ°€×Æ‘î —º‘Ïè.
‚) ÖÒ€îª : ƒ¹° ÄÒ¿—º‘Ïè ®œ™±™ ÁÚÅ þ°€×Æ‘î³.
ƒ) Ó±ÆÅ : Ó±ÆÅ ‡òº³ —µ¤œ þµ‘Ë ²Ñ™Å ÀϹ³™´ ³€«Æ‘Å.
þ‘ØÖºª¦™ÏŽÖ …èã ¡ÒÀ›ÒÅ ŽÌ‘À´±Ö Ó±ÆÅ Ò¹° ÿÑ Ž€¥™Žé³.
ƒÌ´° ØÏ´± ÀϹ³ —œËÆ ƒ¹° ÿ€Ì þ×ì ƒ¥›æ™ ñ¿» ÀϹ³è
—œËŽòéîÑ.

‘ÑîѨ À«Ö :
…¿½´°‘è —œËÆ´ þ°€×¿º¨Å ƒ¿—º‘Ïè ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò ¥þÒ‘Ì›äò Ò º±äÖ Ž€¥™Žé³.

ŽÌ‘€ºª :
…Ï™ þ×€Ò™Å, Ò×€ ‡¯—«Ë °Æ‘Í™ÚÅ ºÆòº¥™˜¦Æ ƒ³ —ºòÓÖ …è㠇೗º‘Ïè °Æ‘Í™ÚÅ ºÆòº¨Žé³.

þÀ‘ª :
…þÒ‘ œ´³ ¶€é¹° ƒ¹°¿ —º‘ÏæÅ ¥í€Ì À«ÓÖ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. Ò ×€ ÀϹ³è °Æ‘Í™ ÁÚÅ þ°€×¿º¥™ ˜¦Æ³.

Ÿ¯«‘Ž™Ö :
±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ ×ª¥Å, œ‘´°‘ò ãÅ º±ÇÖ ŠÏ ×€ …ÆÑ°Ì¢
Ÿ¯«‘Ž™Ö Á±Æ‘™ Ž€¥™Žé³. ƒ€°¿ ºä›™ íã‘ À‘íêî‘Ö ª¥¥ þ׀ҍ晐 ÁÚÅ ºÆòº¥™˜¨Å.

¸€Ì™Ö :
ƒ¹° ×€¢ Ÿ¯«‘Ž™ Ö€Ò¿ ºÆòº¨´±ÉÅ —À¯ª °Æ‘Í™Ò‘Å. ¥í€ÌþÆ‘ÌÀ‘Ë …èã ²Ú¿ º±äÖ ƒ³ Á±Æ‘Ë …èã³.

ƒÖÀ€îª :
ˆÌ‘ãÀ‘î ãØÖ œ‘´°‘ò ã´±ÕÅ, þ‘ØÖºª¦ ת¥´±ÕÅ
Ž€¥™Žé³. ƒ±Ö ƒÏŽ, ¦ª¥‘ïÆÅ ‚™€÷¨è Ò¹³ …èãî.

º‘øþ¥ª :
À€Ò™Ö þº‘òé ƒÜ×€ º‘øþºª¨è, ³–´³™¦™ ¥í€Ì¿ º±äÖ Ž€¥™Žé³.

—ª¦À¯ :
ª¥¥Å ª¥¿—ºÍ³Å ºÆòº¨Å ƒÜ×€À¯³–´³™ ¦ÇÕÅ, €°Æ¨´° ²ÚäÕÅ Á±Æ‘ …èã³.

ŸíìÒ‘ °Ò›è :
³–´³™¦, ±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ, À«¿º‘¨, àÀ€Ò, Šª¥¿»¥‘ÌÅ, ‡ª¥Æ½ÌÅ, º‘¤œ‘Ò›ê¢, Æ´°‘ì, µ×±Ï¿º±è.

×Þº‘ª¦¥›è :

±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ Ãύò þ‘ØÖ, À«¿º‘¨ ½ï° Õ€× ‚ÒÆÅ, àÀ€Ò Ãύò þ‘ØÖ, µ×±Ï¿º±è (±Ï€×¯¥Å, —ºÏ›ãÅ, ×̐«À›€, ±Ï¿½äÆ›¦, —°‘€ÒØÖÓ, À›ãÅ, —°ò ±Ï¿þº€Ì, ±Ï™àÛÑ, ‚â×‘Ñ ±ÏµÑ).

³–´³™¦ :
ƒ¹±Æ‘Øò —°‘ÞÖÍ בÇÒ‘ ÃÅ€º ƒÏ¿º³ þº‘Ò °Áݍ´±ò בÇÒ‘ ƒòì ³–´³™¦ ±âŽé³. ô³ ±Å ä¿º°‘Ö 'ô³ µÑ' ‡î¿º¨Žé³. þº‘Ñ´³ÆÑè ƒ¿º±ÇÖ ƒÏ¹° ‘Ì«´°‘Ö ƒ›èã ŽÏ´³×эäò —ºÆэè À¢œ‘þ¥‘, —ºÑ«‘¯þ¥‘, Ñþ¥‘œ‘, ÀøÌþîø, —ÀþÌÌ‘, þÀ´°‘, þ‘Àø þº‘òé þº‘Ñ´³Æ µ‘À›è ƒòìÅ Šª¦™ —‘¯¦Ï¿º€°™ ‘«Ò‘Å. ¥¢Ÿ™‘ÌÑè ƒÏ¹°°í€¥Æ‘ãÀ‘ ¥í€Ì œ‘€Ò™ þµÌ‘ ºÒ ¥¢Ÿ™ ‘Ìэäò œÀ‘±è ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ ‘Ò´±Ò ÖØ, ÀÏ´³×Š׬Å ðÓÆ€× ×ãѹ°î. µÌÅ áÑ, þÀÕ–Ñ ‡î ƒÌ¯¨ º±€ãÉÅ ºÒµÑ€ãÉÅ —‘¯¥³. áÍÖ ³€éÍÃÅ €°¢ œ‘ѹ° º±€ãÉÅ —‘¯¥³. þÀÕ–Ñ ×ò þ‘ÇÖ, —ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ÇÖ, þºÏ¹³ ¶€ÒÆÅ, ½€×¯¦ ¶€ÒÆÅ, ׬´ °Ò›€ãÉÅ —‘¯¥³. …¿½ ‘Ë¢Ÿ°Ö, Âò»¦´°Ö, ô³™ä´°Ö ‚ŽÆ —°‘ÞÖè ƒ› é¹³èãî. ºÏ´± €Ì™Å ‚€Ò, —µÖ €Ì™Å ‚€Òè, ÀÌÅ ì™Å —°‘Þ휑€Òè, ºÏ¿½ …€¥™Å ‚€Òè, º€ÝÆ œ‘™€ã þºÒ‘™Å ƒÆ¹±Ì ‚€Òè ƒÜÛÍÖ Á¹³èãî.

³–´³™¦ ³€éÍŠ:
ƒ³ ŠÏ ƒÆ퀍´ ³€éÍÅ. Àòî‘Ñ ×€ã¥‘ Ïþ ƒ³ €À¹³èã³. ƒ¿º± ½ÆÖ Žãź æƑ° ¾þ‘㠁€À¿€º™ —‘¯¨èã³. ƒ›´ —°òŽÝ™ ‚Æ µ‘¨äÓϹ³Å ‚ø±þÌÓÆ‘, ¶ÊÒ‘¹³ ‚ŽÆ µ‘¨äÓϹ³Å ×Ì™˜¦Æ ¿ºÖæ™ ƒ¹±Æ‘Øò בÇÒ‘ Ø㛐Žé³. 1963-‚Å ‚¯¨ 5 þ‘¦ к‘Ë ñÀ±þÆ‘¨ ‚â¥Ö ³€éÍ €À¿½ —°‘¥Ñ¹°³. ¥Ö Í¿€º °¨™ ×¥½é¢Ÿ×Ñ 4103  ÿãÅ —‘¯¥³. ƒ³ …ҍ´±þÒþÆ ± ÿãÀ‘î €Ò´ °¨¿½¢ Ÿ×Ñ ‡òé —ºÏ€À€Æ¿ —ºíìèã³. 1974-‚Å ‚¯¨ ø»™ …Ì´ —°‘Þ휑€ÒÇò ´±Æ‘םƴ þ°€×€ã ƒé™À± —œËÆ 125 ƒÒªœ к‘Ë —œÒØÖ ‡¯—«Ë´ ³€é Šòì ƒ›þ ˆíº¨´°¿ºª¥³. 1975 Ã°Ö 84 ×€Ì 6 ¿ºÖè °›×°í‘î °ã›è ª¥¿ºª¨èãî. °Áⵑ¨ Áòœ‘Ì ×‘ÍÆ´°‘Ö €À™¿ºª¨èã Áò ¶€ÒÆ´±í þ°€×Æ‘î ¶Ò™Í€Æ ƒé™À± —œËװ헍òþé ¶Ò™Í ³€éÉÅ, À¬™ 2000 ¥ò ¶Ò™Í ƒé™ 5Ž.Â. —°‘€ÒØí °‘ïÆ›ŽÉÅ 1983-‚Å ‚¯¨ €À™¿ºª¨èã³.

À¬™ 700 Ó —ºªþÌ‘ÓÆ ‡¯—«¿ —º‘Ï荀㠃限À± —œËÆ '—À€Ìò òþÒ‘¦› ‚ÑÀø' ‡òé é¿½™ ÏØè ƒ´³€éÍ´±Ö €À™¿ºª¨èãî. 600 ¦ Í´³×‘Ì´þ°‘¨Å, ‚캙×‘ª¨´ °ã›þ㑨Š±àÅ ƒ´³€éÍŠœÌ™è ˆíìÀ± ƒé™À± ל±™‘ 23 ŽþÌòæÅ, 18 þº‘љӿª Ï؍æÅ, 4 »ÏÅÀ‘¯¥À‘î œÌ™ ґ͍æÅ, 4 ÌÇÖ ‡òó’òæÅ, ŸÀ‘Ñ 50 ‚ÇÌÅ ¥òè œÌ™è €×¿º°íÍÆ º‘³‘¿½™ Žª¥›ŽæÅ —‘¯¨èã³. ³€éÍ´±ò ×ÏÀ‘îÅ ƒòì 30 þ‘¦™ þÀÖ ×ãѹ³èã³.

ô³™ä´°Ö :
1955-ƒÓϹ³ ³–´³™¦ÇÖ Ã´³™ ä¿½ é¿º‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. 2000 þºÏ™ þÀÖ ƒ´—°‘ÞÓÖ „¨ºª¨èãîÑ. —œ¿¥ÅºÑ Ã°Ö þÀ À‘°Å ×€Ì Ã´³™ ä¿»Ö „¨º¨Žòéî. Àíé µ‘ªäÖ ŠÏ Ø° —œ‘ê ˆíº¨Žé³. ƒ› ‡¨™¿º¨Å ô³™è °Ì´³¥ò, µÖÒ ‡€¥€Æ —‘¯¥°‘Å. ƒ°î‘Ö
¹¶Æ¢ —œÒ‘׬ Ž€¥™Žé³.

œ› ‡¨´°Ö :
ô³™ ä¿½ µ€¥—ºé‘° À‘°›äÖ œ›—¨¿»Ö „¨º¨ŽòéîÑ 100 ¦ ‚ÝÅ —œòì œ› ‡¨™¿º¨Žé³. Ìœ‘›´±ò þµÌ¦¿º‘Ñ€×ÇÖ œ› ‡¨¿º×эæÅ, œ› º¦¹³ Ž¥™Å ƒ¥›€ã™ ‘ª¨º×эæÅ º¬Æ‘íì ŽòéîÑ. …ÆÑ°Ì¢ œ›€ 'ó‘±¢œ›' ‡òºÑ. ƒ³ —ºÍÆãØÖ Ž€¥™Žé³. ×ÒŽ͢œ› ‡¿þº‘°‘׳ Ž€¥™Å. ƒ¦¹°€Ì, …×Í, ½ò€î™ ‘ÆÖ Ã°ÓÆ ƒ¥›äÖ œ› ‡¨™¿º¨Žé³.

ø»™ …Ì´ —°‘Þ휑€Ò :
³–´³™¦ÇÖ €À¹³èã ø»™ …Ì´—°‘Þ휑€Ò 1975-‚Å ‚¯¦ÓϹ³ …íº´±€Æ´ —°‘¥›ŽÉèã³. ƒòì ÊÍÆ‘ …íº´±ÇÖ 100 Ù°´€° €¥¹³èã³. ƒ› °Æ‘Í™¿º¨Å …Ì´±ò ãÚ ƒ¹±Æ ãØÖ 25% ‚Å.

þ‘ØÖºª¦ :
À™è þ‘ØÖ ª¦ ¦þÆêÆ°‘Ö ƒ¿—ºÆÑ —ºíé³. ØϳµÑ-À¬Æ‘¢ ƒÌÇÖ º‘€°ÇÖ €À¹³èã ÙŽÆ µÌÅ. ƒÜÛÍÖ ƒÌ¯¨ —ºÍÆ ¸–íº‘€ÒæÅ, ºÏ´± €é™Å —°‘Þ휑€ÒÉÅ ˆÌ‘ãÀ‘î ²¿—ºª¦´ —°‘Þ휑€ÒæÅ …èãî. ƒ›èã þ×㑯€À ‚Ì‘Ë¢¿ º¯€« Øל‘Æ ×ãÑ¢™¿ º¬Æ‘íìŽòé³. …Ϫ¨™ Å» ðÓÆ ‡Œ¿ —º‘Ïèè —œËÉÅ ¶ì×îÃÅ …èã³. ±›è œ¹€° ˜¨Žé³. Ïבª¨ ØÆ‘º‘Ì´±Ö ƒÜÛÑ é¹³ Ø㛐Žé³. µ‘èþ°‘ìÅ ‚ÇÌ™«™‘î ¯¦¿ ºÏ´± þ‘€×, À³€Ì À‘ת¥›æ™ ñ¿º¿º¨Žé³. Ø€ãÆ‘ª¨´ ³€éÇÖ ƒÜÛÑ é¹³ Ø㛐Žé³. é¿º‘¢ Òź´±í —ºÆÑ —ºíé³.

‡ª€¥Æ½ÌÅ :
‡ª¥¿ºò ‡òé º‘€ãÆ™‘ÌÍò —ºÆÌ‘Ö €À¹°ÛÑ. ƒ×ñÅ, ƒ×ò »ò þ°‘òé֍æþÀ —×è€ãÆэ€ã ‚°Í´³, ª¥—º‘ÅÀ€î™ ‘ª¦™ —‘¨´°×эè. ƒ°í ºÍœ‘ ƒ×э晐 114 íì–Ñè Ž€¥´°î. ‡ª€¥Æ½Ì´±Ö …èã 18-Å ¸–í鑯¨ óÂò Ì¯À€î™ ‘«´ °¹°³.
º‘Ì±Æ‘Ñ Ù¨, º‘̱ À¯¥ºÅ, º‘Ì±Æ‘Ñ €—Æà´³¢ Ÿ×¦, ¸–ҍÅ, Ì¯À€î ‚ŽÆ€× ƒ› º‘Ñ™´ °™€×. ‚É° ¾€œÆòì º‘¤œ‘Ò›ê¢Ö þº‘ÍÖ ºÆòº¨´°¿ºª¥¿ þº‘Ñ™ Ï؍€ã¿ —º‘³À™è º‘Ñ™Ò‘Å. ˜ª¨éÚ´ ³€é, °ïÆ‘Ñ ³€éã‘Ö µ€¥—ºìÅ ºÏ´± €é™Å ‚€Òè …èãî. ƒÜÛÑ €´°ê¢ þœ€Òè ºÒ À‘¶Ò›ã‘Ö —ºÍ³Å ב›¿º¨Žòéî. œï™ŽÝ€À¢ œ¹€°µ‘è. ƒÜÛÑ ‚ª¨¢ œ¹€° ½â —ºíé³.

‚íì–Ñ :
°‘ÁÌºÌ¬Æ‘ì ƒÜÛÏ™ÏŽÖ ¥Õ¥ò Ò™Žé³. €°, ‚¦ À‘ב€œäÖ À™è ƒ› ÿÌ‘¨×‘эè. —°‘֍‘¿»Æ´±ò —œ‘ÖÒ±‘Ì´±í …€Ì ‡à±Æ þœî‘×€ÌÆÑ ƒÜÛэ‘ÌÑ. ×Ñ ä´° —‘€¥ غ̛è ƒ›èã —ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ØÖ …èã³. ƒ› —µÖ, ב€Ý, —‘¦™‘Ö Á±.

‚Ò¹°€Ò :
Âò»¦ —°‘ÞÒ‘Ö é¹³ Ø㛐Žé³. €î×ÏÅ ŽÏ´°× À°´±îÑ. ƒ³ ŠÏ ‘Ò´±Ö ¥¢Ÿ™‘Ìэæ¥ò Á¹° —°‘¥Ñ½ —‘¯¦Ï¹° †Ì‘Å.

‚ìÍ þµÍ :
ƒÜÛÏ™´ ³–´³™¦-±Ï¢—œ¹³–Ñ —µ¨¤œ‘€Ò ×ÞÆ‘¢ —œÖÒÒ‘Å. ¥í€Ì™ ÏŽÖ €À¹³èã³. °Áâ µ‘ª¦þÒþÆ ± …¿½ Ø€ãÉÅ ƒ¥›äÖ ƒ³ÚÅ Šòì. …¿ºã †ÞÆÑ ˜ª¨éÚ¢ œ›Å, é¿º‘ ƒÆ›Ž ×ÏŽòé ‘Ì«´°‘Ö, …¿½ ׬ÃÅ —œÞ¿º‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³; —ºÏÀãÚ þÌã‘Ú™Å, ‚¹±Ì‘Ú™Å ˆíìÀ±Æ‘Žé³.

‚â×‘Ñ ±ÏµÍ :
ý€×¯¥Å-µ‘œþÌ´ ƒÌ¯¦íÅ µ¨þ× €À¹³èã ƒÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆÅ. ƒ³ ½â—ºíé €×«×´°ÒÅ. ƒÜÛÑ é¹° ØÆ‘º‘Ì´ °ÒÀ‘ÚÅ Ø㛐Žé³.

‚±¢œ µÖÕ–Ñ :
º‘€ãÆ›þ‘ª€¥-ý€×¯¥Å œ‘€ÒÇÖ ƒÜÛÑ …èã³. 1876-ƒÖ —°‘Ö —º‘Ïè ³€éÇîÌ‘Ö —ºÍÆ °‘ލè þº‘Ñ™Ï؍è, º‘´±Ì›è, —ºª¦è, µ€è, ‡ÕŽ™ ˜¨è ðÓÆî ¯¨»¦™¿ºª¨èãî. º¯€¥Æ µ‘Í
×ãÑ¢€Æ ê¹³ —‘èã ‚±¢œ µÖÕ–Ñ ÍÆþ°‘Ñ ƒ¥À‘ Ø㛐Žé³. —À‘¤œ°‘þÌ‘ - ‚±¢œ µÖÕ–Ñ ‘Ò Ã³À™è °‘ލ€ã Š¿»¨Å þº‘³ ‚±¢œ µÖÕ–Ñ ‘Ò µ‘ÍþÀ Ãíºª¥³ ‡òì êØ´³èãîÑ. —°‘Ö—º‘Ïè ØÏ¿ºÅ …èã ŸíìÒ‘ØîÑ ‘«´°™ †Ñ.

„Ì‘Ö :
‡ª€¥Æ½Ì´±í —°íŽÖ …èã †Ñ. ºÏ´±, Å½, Áã‘Ë é¿½¿ºÇэè. ºÏ´±ÉÅ, Á㍑ÉÅ ƒ›ŽÏ¹³ ˆíìÀ±Æ‘Žòéî. ºÏ´± €é™Å ‚€Òè Á±. ±Ï™é晐 …€Ì ‡à±Æ ºÍþÀÒݍÍò œÀ‘± ƒÜÛÍÖ …èã³.

„Ì‘¢ :
ƒÜÛÑ €´°ê™ ½â—ºíé³. Ÿíìת¥‘Ì›äÖ ˜¨Å œ¹€°äÖ ƒÜÛÑ ³¬è ב›¿º¨Žòéî.

ˆÌÖ :
ƒ³ ŠÏ µÌ¿ º¤œ‘Æ´³. °‘Á̺̬Çò ×¥€ÌÇÖ €À¹³èã ƒÜÛÑ ×‘¬¢ é¿½ —ºíé³. °Ñ …íº´±™Å, —ׯÒ¿ º‘´±Ì —°‘ÞÕ™Å —ºÆÑ —ºíé ƒ¥Å.

…¥ò ¦ :
…¥ò¦ µÌ º¤œ‘Æ´³. †Ì‘ª ŠòêÆ´±ò °€Ò€ÀÇ¥Å. ±›ª ŽÝ€À œ¹€° ˜¨Žé³. º€îÀÌ¿ —º‘Ϫè, —×íê€Ò™ —‘¦™‘Öè ±Å. º€î—×ÖÒÅ ‘Ë¢Ÿ°Ö ƒÜÛÍò é¿½´—°‘ÞÖ. º€î—×ÖÒ ‚Ì‘Ë¢ ¶€ÒÆÅ Šòì …èã³. º‘ËÀ¥°Ö, —×›‘Æ™˜¨ ðÓÆ€× Ã™ŽÆ´ —°‘Þ֍è. ÃøÔÅ À™è ±Å בâŽòéîÑ.

‘ÆÖºª¦îÅ :
º‘¯¦ÆÍò ³€éÍÀ‘ Ø㛎Ƴ. À‘Ñ™þ‘þº‘þÒ‘ ƒÜÛÍò é¿€º ½â¹³ ‡à±Éèã‘Ñ. ‘Ö¨—×Ö ƒ¿º±€ã¿ ºíê ØÍב ‚˹³ ¸–—Òà±Éèã‘Ñ. ƒ› Ž€¥´° ‘Ÿè, —œò€î ÏÅ—º‘Ïè ‘ªÆ´±Ö €×™¿ºª¨èãî. 1937 ×€Ì ³€éÍÀ‘ —œÆÖºª¨ ×¹°³. ž°™‘± ב⹰ÛÑ ‡òì —œ‘ÖÒ¿º¨Žé³. ƒ¹µÌ´±îÑ ºÒÑ —‘àÅ»Ö ‘Ÿ™€¥ €×´³èãîÑ. µ€ ØÆ‘º‘ÌÃÅ þ°‘Ö ØÆ‘º‘ÌÃÅ ƒ› ºÒÌ‘ÕÅ é¿º‘ µ¥´°¿º¨Žé³. ƒ›èã À¡± Ý‘î ÀéÇÖ ƒ¹±Æ™ª¥¥™€Ò À̽¥ò €À¹³èã³.

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