×ÌÒ‘ì :
ØϳµÑ À‘ת¥Å ºÒ ‘ÒÅ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½ÌÅ À‘ת¥´³¥ò ƒ€«¹±Ï¹°³. ‡îþ× ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì À‘ת¥´±ò º¯€¥Æ ×ÌÒ‘íì¢ é¿½è Æ‘ÚÅ ØϳµÑ À‘ת¥´±íÅ —º‘Ϲ³º×îבÅ.

‡Ö€Òè :
×¥™ŽÖ À³€Ì, ×›€ À‘ת¥›€ãÉÅ, ŽÝ™ŽÖ ƒÌ‘Àµ‘°½Ì À‘ת¥´€°ÉÅ, —°íŽÖ ³–´³™¦, ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó À‘ת¥›€ãÉÅ, þÀíŽÖ þÌã‘ À‘¶Ò´€°ÉÅ ØϳµÑ À‘ת¥Å ‡Ö€Òã‘™ —‘¯¨èã³.

ºÌ¿ºãÚ :
ØϳµÑ À‘ת¥´±ò —À‘´°¿ ºÌ¿ºãÚ 4,243.2 œ.Ž.Â. ‚Å.

À™è —°‘€ :
—À‘´° À™è —°‘€ : 15,65,037 þºÑ; ‚¯-7,84,912 þºÑ; —º¯-7,80,125;
‡à´°êÚ —ºíþé‘Ñ-8,52,680; À™è —µÏ™Å(œ.Ž.Â)-363 þºÑ; ‚¯—º¯
ØŽ°Å (1000 ‚¯æ™)-995 þºÑ.

×Ï×‘Ë ¶ÑבÅ :
þ‘ª¥›è-2 (ÏŽ™þ‘ª€¥, ×‘); ת¥›è-7 (±ÏØÖÓ¿½´³–Ñ, ̑󺑀ãÆÅ, œ‘´³–Ñ, Ï¿½™þ‘ª€¥, ×‘, ØϳµÑ, ±Ï¢ŸÞ); ×Ï×‘Ë ŽÌ‘À›è-608.

…è㑪 ¶ì×è :
µÌ‘ªè-6, †Ì‘ª ŠòêÆ›è-11, º¤œ‘Æ´³™è-464, ™ŽÌ‘À›è-1,447.

œª¥œ€º´ —°‘±è :
œª¥œ€º´ —°‘±è-6 (Ï¿½™ þ‘ª€¥, œ‘´³–Ñ, ØϳµÑ, ×‘, ±ÏØÖÓ¿½´³–Ñ, ̑󺑀ãÆÅ).

º‘Ì‘æÀòé´ —°‘± :
×‘.

ÖØ :
ºèäè : 1373 (ÌŸ ÀíìÅ °ïÆ‘Ñ). ÖՖ͍è-11 (Ø.‡¢.‡ò.‡ø. ÖÕÍ, ØϳµÑ; Ø.Ø.Ø. —º¯è ÖÕ–Í, ØϳµÑ; ‡ø.».þ.€Ò™ÖÕ–Í, Ï¿½™þ‘ª€¥; þ°×‘›Ñ €Ò™ ÖÕ–Í, Ï¿½™þ‘ª€¥; ‡ø.‚Ñ. µ‘ɨ ¶€îÚ €Ò™ÖÕ–Í, œ‘´³–Ñ; ‡ø.‡¿.‚Ñ. —º¯è ÖÕ–Í, ×‘; ËƵ‘¥‘Ñ ó‘îŽ ÅÀ‘è ÖÕ–Í, ×‘; Ì‘ó•ø ÖÕ–Í, ƒÌ‘󺑀ãÆÅ, —À¿þ‘ —º‘êÇÆÖ ÖÕ–Í, ŽÏö«ò þ‘ØÖ; ˆ.þ.¦.‚Ñ. —º¯è ÖÕ–Í, ƒÌ‘󺑀ãÆÅ); ƒÌ‘󺑀ãÆ´±Ò À¬þÀ€Ò Àòé´±ò ‚°ÌØÖ —°Õ› א¿½è µ€¥—ºìÅ —°Õ› Ø´±Æ‘ÒÆÅ €À™¿ ºª¨èã³. ÀíìÅ ºÖ—°‘ÞÖ ÖØ ¶ì×äÖ Ì‘óº‘€ãÆ´±Ö …è㠃̑Àœ‘ÁÌ‘ó‘ º‘Ó—¥™ï™Å, ØϳµÍÖ …èã —×è€ã¢œ‘Á µ‘¥‘Ñ º‘Ó—¥™ï™Å ê¿»¥´°™î.

À€ÝÆãÚ :
œÌ‘œÍ-811.7 Á.Â.

‚ìè :
Ñó•î‘ ‚ì, ¯¥‘ì, €×¿º‘ì, ÀíìÅ —ã ‚ì.

Ÿ‘°‘ÌÅ :
ÌŸ ÀÏ´³×À€îè-8, ‚Ìź Ÿ‘°‘Ì €ÀÆ›è-36

×›Žè : 160

‘×Ö ¶€ÒÆ›è : 43 (‘×Òэè-1504)

°º‘Ö ¶€ÒÆ›è : 286

—°‘€Òþºè : 23,924

±€ÌÆÌ›è : 80

º±Ú¿—ºíé בî›è : 34,570

œ‘€Ò ÿãÅ : 2,457Ž.Â

¶Æ‘ÆØ€Ò™ €¥è : 576

×Þº‘ª¨´ °Ò›è :

±ÏØÖÓ¿½´³–ÍÕèã ‚¯¥‘è ‚ÒÆÅ, ±Ï¢ŸÞÇÕèã ÌÀ« ÀÍõ’ »é¹° ƒ¥Å, ƒÏ™ò¦ÇÕèã À‘ÍÆÅÀò ‚ÒÆÅ, ƒÌ‘󺑀ãÆ´±Õèã ‰Æî‘Ñ þ‘ØÖ ‚ŽÆî ƒÅÀ‘ת¥´±ò ÙŽÆ ×Þº‘ª¨´ °Ò›ã‘Å. ‚¯¥‘è ‚ÒÆ´ þ°Ñ´±ÏØÝ‘ÚÅ, À‘ÍÆÅÀò þ‘ØÖ ±ÏØÝ‘ÚŠÙŽÆ´ ±ÏØÝ‘ ™ã‘Å.

À‘ÍÆÅÀò þ‘ØÖ :
ƒ³ Øϳ µÍÖ …èã³. Øϳ µÑ À™‘ãÕÅ Ÿíìת¥´±Ö ¸–í왐ŠþÀíºª¥ íì–эäÖ …èã×эã‘ÕÅ —ºÍ³Å þº‘í鿺¨Å þ‘ØÒ‘Å. º›ïÇÖ 21 µ‘è ØÝ‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³ þ°Ñ´±ÏØÝ‘Øí Ã°Ö µ‘è ²¢œª¦ ØÝ‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

×‘ þ‘Ø֍è :
×ò þ‘ØÖ ±ÏØÝ‘ €×‘ þÌ‘¬ÇÖ µ€¥—ºìÅ. º›ïÇÖ À‘ÍÆÅÀò þ‘ØÖ ±ÏØÝ‘ÚÅ, ´Ì‘ —ºãÑ«Á òì º´Ì‘äÆÅÀò ØÝ‘ÚÅ, ´±€Ì ØÝ‘€×—Æ‘ª¦ —º‘Ϫ‘ªÉÅ µ€¥—ºìÅ. Ÿ¿ÌÀ¬ÆÑ þ‘ØÓò €°¿ —ºÏØÝ‘ Šòº³ µ‘è …íœ×Å µ¥´±™ —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žé³.

œ‘´³–Ñ þ‘Ø֍è :
œ‘´³–Íò ŽÝ™ŽÕèã œ‘´³–Ì¿ºò þ‘ØÖ, ×‘ÀŸ¹°Í -°ÅºþÌø×ÌÑ þ‘ØÖ, €×¿º‘íêò €ÌÇÖ µ‘Æ™ ÀòîÑ ‘Ò´±Ö ª¥¿ºª¥ —×›¥‘ œÒº± —ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ØÖ Ã°ÓÆî é¿½Á™ þ‘Ø֍㑐Å.

þ×®þ‘º‘Öœ‘Á þ‘ØÖ :
Ï¿½™þ‘ª€¥ ת¥´±Ö …èã º‘€ãÆ¿ºª¦ÇÖ ƒ™þ‘ØÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. €×‘ÇÖ ±ÏØÝ‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. ƒÜØÝ‘Øò þº‘³ ƒ› À‘ª¨´ °‘׬¢ œ¹€° ˜¨Žé³.

×Ì°Ì‘œ¿ —ºÏÀ‘è þ‘ØÖ :
½³¿ºª¦™ ŽÌ‘À´±Ö 17-‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö ª¥¿ºª¥ ƒ™þ‘ØÖ ½â—ºíé €×«×™ þ‘ØÒ‘Å.

±ÏþÀﵑ°Ñ ‚ÒÆÅ :
±Ï¢ŸÞÇÖ …èã ƒ™þ‘ØÖ º‘¯¦ÆÑ ‘Ò´±Ö ª¥¿ºª¥³. »é þœ³º±ã‘Ö ØÍב™¿ºª¥³. Àϳº‘¯¦ÆÑ ª¦Æ À¯¥º›æÅ …èãî. µÌ´°‘эæÅ ƒ°í ±Ï¿º¬ —œË³èãî. ƒ™þ‘ØÖ µ¥Ì‘œÑ ±ÏÚÏ×Å º¢€Ò ÄÓ€ã‘Ö ‚î³. ÅÀò œ¹µ±ÇÖ °‘ À¯¥ºÅ …èã³. ‚¦ÇÖ °ºŸ, À‘эÞÇÖ À¬×‘œÑ ØÝ‘, º›ïÇÖ …´±ÌÅ ‚ŽÆ ±ÏØÝ‘™è µ¥´°¿º¨Žòéî. ƒòñÅ »ÌãÆ Ø¥›Ñ, ºÝï™ À‘Ìœ‘Á ‚ŽÆ þ‘Ø֍æÅ ƒÜÛÍÖ …èãî.

µ¢œ‘€¥ °ØÑ´°ÏäÆ Ÿ×‘Á þ‘ÇÖ :
þœíì–Ñ ì¶Ò Àòîэ晐Š—œ‘¹°À‘î ƒ™þ‘ØÖ þ°×°‘î´±í þÀíþ 3 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ °ï´³™ ª¥¿ ºª¦Ï™Žé³. º‘¯¦Æ€î™ —‘ÖÒ þœ‘Ýò ñ¿»Æ µ¢Ÿ Ò¹° ‚€¥Çò ÄÒÀ‘ þµÌØϹ° ²›€ ƒÜØ€é×ò °ØÑ´°äÆ°‘Ö ƒ¿—ºÆÑ ˆíºª¥³ ‡òºÑ. þ‘ØÒÏþ µ‘Æ™Ñ ‘Ò´³ À¯¥ÃÅ, Ì¯À€î À¯¥ÃÅ þ°×эè À¯¥ºÃÅ, ‡±ÍÖ —°¿º™ãÃÅ …èãî. €×‘ÇÖ þ°Ñ´±ÏØÝ‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

À‘Ó›Å þ‘ØÖ :
ƒ³ œ³ÌŽÍ À€ÒÇò þÀÖ ª¥¿ºª¦Ï™Žé³. ƒÜØ€é×ïò À³€Ì ב⠗œãÌ‘ö¦Ìэäò Ò—°Ë×Å ‚Å. ƒ™þ‘ØÕ™ 3 Ž. ³–Ì´±Ö œ¹°î À‘Ó›Å €™þ‘ØÖ …èã³. °‘¬¿ º‘€éÇÖ ö¥ÒªŸÁ ‚ÌÀÅ …èã³.

þ×›¥‘œÒº± þ‘ØÖ :
±ÏØÖÓ¿½´³–Ñ ×ª¥´³è ±Ïׯ«‘À€Ò ‡òñÅ °Ò´±Ò þ×›¥‘œÒº± þ‘ØÖ …èã³. À€ÒƦב̴±Ö þ‘þîÍ ‡ñÅ ÝŽÆ ãÅ ƒÏ™Žé³. ½Ìª¥‘ œï™ŽÝ€ÀäÖ ˜ª¥Å Á±Æ‘™ ˜¨Žé³. ƒ›èã ص‘ÆÑ €Ò 12 ¦ …ÆÌÃÅ 8 ¦ ÒÃÅ —‘¯¥³. …ÒŽþÒþÆ —ºÍÆ Øµ‘ÆÑ ±ÏÚÏ ƒ³þ×.

µ‘¢Æ‘Ñ þ‘ØÖ :
ƒ™þ‘ØÖ ±ÏÀ€Òµ‘Æ™Ì‘Ö ÝŽÆ íº›è €ÀÉÅ Ø°´±Ö ±Ï¿º¬ —œËÆ¿ºª¥°‘Å. ±Ï¿º‘€× ÿº³Å ƒ™þ‘ØÕ™è ‡à°¿ºª¨èãî. 108 €×«×´ °Ò›äÖ …èã ƒ€é×эäò ºÖþ×ì …Ï×›æŠׯ« ‹ØÆ›ã‘´ ²ª¥¿ºª¨èãî. ƒ™þ‘ØÖ Ž.».1850 ×€Ì ±ÏØ°‘›˜Ñ À‘Ì‘ó‘Øò ‚ªÇÓϹ³ ±Ï™—‘ª¥‘ÌÅ ‡î¿º¨Å þ‘ØÖ —µíã¤ÆÅ …èã³. ƒ›èã ×¥º´±ÌœîÑ …Ï×Å ±Ï×î¹°½ÌÅ î¹° º´ºµ‘ºÑ …Ï×´€° Š´±Ï™Žé³. °ãº± ‘òœ‘Ž¿ ƒ™þ‘Ø€Ò —‘è€ãÇ¥ ÃÆòé þº‘³, Ø€ÒÉÆѹ° Ø™ŽÌ››€ã Ž.».1800-ƒÖ ±Ï×î¹°½Ì´±Ö º‘³‘¿º‘ €×™¿ºª¥î. ƒ›èã À‘°Ø¿º¹°Ö, ¯«‘¦™ Ž«ì, ±Ï¿¾Ì À¯¥ºÅ ‚ŽÆî ‘«´°™€×. º›ï …´±Ì´±Ò ‚¯¥‘è ±Ï™ÖÆ‘«Å —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žé³. À‘эÞÇÖ Ã¿º³ µ‘æÅ ±Ï¿º‘€× ‹°¿º¨Žé³. ½Ìª¥‘ Ï¥þœ€×ÇÖ ‚¯¥‘晐¢ ¡ª¦Æ À‘€Ò€Æ ±Ï¿º± ˆà À€ÒÆ‘ñ™ ñ¿½×‘эè. ±Ï¿º±ÇÓϹ³Å ‚¯¥‘晐 ×Í€œè ×ÏŽòéî. ‚¦¿¾ÌÅ ˆÝ‘Å ±Ïµ‘äÖ —ºÍÆ‘â ב€Ì¢ é¿»™Å ׯ«Å —µÖ ã™Å ØÝ‘ÚÅ ‡¯—«Ë ‘¿½ ØÝ‘ÚÅ µ€¥—ºìÅ. ב̴±Ö ŠÜ—×‘Ï —×èäÆòìÅ ‚¯¥‘æÅ Ì› Àòî‘ÏÅ †¤œÖ ‚¨×Ñ.

€×´±Æµ‘° Ÿ×‘Á þ‘ØÖ :
±Ï ØÖÓ¿½´³–Íò —°òº± À¥×‘Ñ Ø㑍Š‡î¿º¨Å. ƒ› ŠÏ ‘Ò´±Ö —º¯è Àª¨þÀ ב⹰°‘Ö ƒ¿—ºÆÑ —ºíé³. À¥×‘Ñ Ø㑍´±Ò ×ò þ‘ØÖ ƒÏ™Žé³. ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ ŽÏö«þ°×Ì‘ÆÑ ‘Ò´³¢ íº›è ‘«¿ º¨Žòéî. ±ÏÀ€Òµ‘Æ™Ì‘Ö ƒ™þ‘ØÖ ±Ï¿º¬ —œËÆ¿—ºíé³. ±ÏÀ€Ò µ‘Æ™Íò Á¿—ºÍÆ …Ïם€Ò ƒ™þ‘ØÓÖ …èã³.

ÙŽÆ †Ñè :

Øϳ µÑ :
ØϳµÍò º€ÝÆ¿ —ºÆÑ Øϳ¿ºª¦ ‚Å. ƒ› …«Ú¿ —º‘Ϫè ØÆ‘º‘ÌÃÅ, À€Ò´þ°‘ª¥ ؀㿗º‘Ϫè ØÆ‘º‘ÌÃÅ —ºÍÆ ãØÖ µ€¥—ºìŽòéî. —°¿º™ã´€°¢ ŸíêÕÅ €¥´—°Ï …èã³. þ°›‘Ë ‡¯—«ËÉÅ, ‘¿»´ ³–äÖ Ò™¿º¨Å ™ÍÉÅ ± ãØÖ Øíº€îÆ‘Žòéî. ˆÒ™‘Ë Ã™ŽÆ¢ œ¹€°¿ —º‘Ï㑍 Ø㛐Žé³. ˆÒ™‘ÇÓϹ³ ºÏ¿€º ‡¨´°»ò ‡¤ŸÅ þ°‘€Ò —×ä µ‘¨æ™ Øíº€î —œËŽòéîÑ.

…ÆÑ̍ Ï›¯¬¿ ºÏ´± ºÒ †Ñ ‚€Òæ™Å ƒ›ŽÏ¹³ ˆíìÀ±Æ‘Žé³. µÖ—Ò¯—«Ë, Áã‘Ë ×íéÖ Ã°ÓÆîÚÅ ƒ›ŽÏ¹³ ˆíìÀ±Æ‘Žòéî. ºÒ ºÏ´± €Ì™Å ‚€Òè, ‡¯—«Ë ‚€Òè, …ÆѶ€Ò¿ºèäè, —°‘ÞíÖÕ–Í, ŸÏª¨ ÀíìÅ þœ‘¿½ °Æ‘Í™Å ¶ì×è,ºÏ¿½ …€¥™Å —°‘Þ휑€Òè, ÌŸ Õ×ҍ›è, —µœ×‘ €Òè, ÀÏ´³×À€îè ðÓÆî €À¹³èãî. ƒ›ŽÏ¹³ ƒÌÇÖ ÄÒÅ —×äÇ¥›æ™ ˆÌ‘ãÀ‘î œÌ™è ñ¿º¿º¨×°‘Ö, ƒ›èã ƒÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆ´±Ö Á ÿãÀ‘î »ã‘ªº‘ÌÃÅ, œÌ™ ˆíé ל±Æ‘ À‘ÑõÖ Æ‘Ñ¨Å €À™¿ºª¨èãî. ¡Ò™€Ì º±ÇÖ ÌŸ —°‘Þíþºª€¥ÉÅ, °îÏŽÖ —°‘ÞíºÇ흿 ºèäÉÅ ƒÆ›Žòéî.

×‘ :
×‘ µÌÅ —°‘Þí³€éÇÖ ÁÚÅ ÃòþîíéÅ ¯¨èã°‘Ö ƒÜÛ€Ì "ª¦ 󿺑ò" ‡òì €Ý™ŽòéîÑ. ºª¥‘Ÿ …íº´±Æ‘Ö ƒ¹±Æ‘ØÕÅ, þÀ€Ò µ‘¨äÕÅ ×‘ ½â—ºíì Ø㛐Žé³. þÀÕÅ ²™¢´ °Æ‘Í´°Ö ƒ› —ºÏź‘ò€ÀÆ‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. —º¯æÅ ì×Ñ ìÁÆÏÅ ˆÌ‘ãÀ‘ ²¿—ºª¦´ —°‘Þ휑€ÒäÖ º¬½ÍŽé‘эè. ×‘ ¢Ÿ´ —°‘ÞÕ™Å —ºÆÑ —ºíé°‘Å. ¸–í왍«™ŽÖ Ó´þ°‘ ¢œ›è µ€¥—ºì Žòéî. ‚¿—œª ¢œ›æÅ ˆÌ‘ãÀ‘ …èãî. ¢Ÿ´ —°‘ÞÕ™´ þ°€×Æ‘î €î´³ ‘Ž° ×€è ØÆ‘º‘ÌÃÅ, ¢Ÿ€À, ¢Ÿ™Ï؍äò º±è ‚ŽÆ×íêò —À‘´° ØÆ‘º‘ÌÃÅ ƒ¹µÍÖ —ºÏŽÉèã³. ‚¯¨ þ°‘ìÅ ‘Ò¯¥Ñ ¢œ¦¿º³ °Áⵑª¦þÒþÆ ƒ›°‘ò —ºÏÀãØÖ µ€¥ —ºìŽé³. °Áⵑª¦Ö ¢Ÿ´ —°‘ÞÓò —ºÏź‘ò€À´ þ°€×€Æ ƒ¹µÌþÀ ¶€éÚ —œËŽé³. þÀÕÅ ƒ› °Ì¿ ½ª¦è °Æ‘Í™Å —°‘Þ휑€Òè …èãî. À‘ª¨´²×îÅ °Æ‘Í™Å —°‘Þ휑€ÒæÅ …èãî. ƒ¹µÌÅ ÍþœÍ ºÌ‘™ŽÌÀ º‘¯¦Æî‘Ö Ž.».1420-1460 ‚¯¦Ö …Ïב™¿º¥°‘™ Ï°¿º¨Žé³.

œ‘´³–Ñ :
ƒ°ò º€ÝÆ —ºÆÑ œ‘´°ñ–Ñ ‚Å. ‘ª¦ò ƒ€¥þÆ €À¹³èã œ‘´°ñ–Ñ þ‘Ø€Ò¢ Ÿíê …Ï×‘î µÌÅ ‡òº°‘Ö œ‘´³–Ñ ‡òì —ºÆÑ …¯¥‘Çíì. À³€Ì€Æ ‚¯¥ Ì‘¬ À›ÅÀ‘è œ‘´³–Íò —°í—Ö€ÒÇÖ ŠÏ º‘Ò´€°ÉÅ, ص‘ÆÑ þ‘Ø€ÒÉÅ, ŠÏ œ´±Ì´€°ÉÅ ª¦î‘è. ºÏ´± €Ì™Å ‚€Òè, ²¿—ºª¦´ —°‘Þ휑€Òè, ¶¿½ —°‘Þ휑€Òè ðÓÆî —×è€ãÆÑ ‚ª ‘Ò´±ÓϹþ° ƒ› ƒÆ›Ž ×ÏŽòéî. ²¿—ºª¦´ —°‘ÞÕ™´ þ°€×¿º¨Å Ò ƒÌœ‘Æî¿ —º‘Ϫ€ã´ °Æ‘Í™Å ¶ì×æÅ, ÀíìÅ ºÒ ØÆ‘º‘Ì ¶ì×æÅ €À¹³èãî. —×èãÍ¿ »¤Ÿ™Å, žï Áª¥‘Ë, ¥€Ò À‘Ú¢ þœÚ ƒ×íêíÅ œ‘´³–Ñ —ºÆÑ —ºíé †Ì‘Å.

Ï¿½™ þ‘ª€¥ :
ØϳµÑ-À‘î‘À³€Ì œ¹±¿½™æ™Ž€¥ÇÖ …èã ÙŽÆÀ‘î ÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆÅ Ï¿½™þ‘ª€¥ ‚Å. À³€Ì, ‡ª¥Æ½ÌÅ, ³–´³™¦, ØϳµÑ, ±Ï¢ŸÞ þº‘òé —ºÍÆ µÌ›è Ï¿½™þ‘ª€¥ÇÓϹ³ ê³ —°‘€ÒØÖ …èãî. ƒ› À¬Ò‘™¥€Ò, Ï¿ºª¦, µÖ—Ò¯—«Ë ðÓÆ×íêò Øíº€î —À‘´° ØÆ‘º‘ÌÀ‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³. ƒ› —µœÚ´ —°‘ÞÕÅ é¿½íìèã³. ƒ› °Æ‘Í™¿º¨Å þœ€Òè, þת¦è ƒ¹±Æ‘ØÖ ºÒ ƒ¥›æ™Å ñ¿º¿º¨Žòéî.

‚´³¿ºª¦ :
±Ï¢ŸÞ-Ï¿½™þ‘ª€¥¢ œ‘€ÒÇÖ ƒÜÛÑ …èã³. ƒ› ŠÏ ¸–Ò‘€Ò ƒÏ™Žé³. ºÏ´±, þ×Ñ™¥€Ò ÙŽÆ ºÇэè.

º¹°Ö¦ :
Ï¿½™ þ‘ª€¥ÇÓϹ³ 13 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ ‡ª¥Æ½ÌÅ œ‘€ÒÇÖ ƒÜÛÑ …èã³. ƒ› ºÏ´± €Ì™Å ‚€Òè …èãî. ³×€Ì, …æ¹³, ºÏ´± ‚ŽÆî ÙŽÆ ºÇэè.

‚À«™µ´°Å :
ÚÍ¢—œ¦ ƒ› ¶€éÆ Ø€ãŽé³. ƒ¢—œ¦ ³–´³™¦™™ —‘¯¨¢ —œÖÒ¿ºª¨, ›ŽÏ¹³ ºÒ ƒ¥›æ™Å ˆíìÀ±Æ‘Žé³.

ÖÕ–Ñ¢ œ¹€° :
ƒÜÛÑ ØϳµÏ™ ÏŽÓÏ¿º°‘Ö ×‘¬´±Ö é¿½íì´ ±âŽé³. °ê —µœÚ´ —°‘ÞÖ —œËÉÅ þ°×‘›Ñ ±À‘ בàÅ †Ì‘Å. ƒ› …íº´±Æ‘Å ³¬è ºÒ ƒ¥›æ™Å ˆíìÀ±Æ‘Žòéî.

¤œµ‘Æ™òºª¦ :
Ï¿½™þ‘ª€¥ Ïþ ƒÜÛÑ €À¹³èã³. ƒ³ ºÒ ×€ °‘ïÆ þ×㑯€ÀÇÖ é¹³ Ø㛐Žé³. ÞÚ´°‘è, €×™þ‘Ö Ã°ÓÆ×í€é™ —‘¯¨ ª€¥ —œËÉÅ —°‘ÞÖ ƒ› µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

º‘€ãÆ¿ºª¦ :
Ï¿½™þ‘ª€¥ ƒÌÇÖ ¶€ÒÆ´±í ÏŽÖ …èã ƒÜÛÑ ì¶Ò Àòîэã‘Ö ‚ã¿—ºíé³. Á㍑Ë, žï™ŽÝ›, —µœÚ ðÓÆ×í왐¿ —ºÆÑ —ºíé †Ñ. ƒÜÛÍÖ ºÒ ÀÖÓ€¿ ¾¹þ°‘ª¥›è —œÞ¿º‘ …èãî. ƒ›ŽÏ¹³ ºÒ †Ñæ™Å ÀÖÓ€¿¾ ñ¿º¿º¨Žé³.

ÝŽÆ µÖÕ–Ñ :
‘ÍÆ‘¿ºª¦ †Ì‘ª ŠòêÆ´±í þÀ퐙 þ‘¦ÇÖ €À¹³èã ƒÜÛÍò º¯€¥Æ —ºÆÑ ª¥þÒ‘ª¦ ‡òº°‘Å. —µÖ, Á㍑Ë, ºÏ´± ‚ŽÆî ƒ› Á±Æ‘¿ ºÇÍ¥¿º¨Žòéî. ƒÜÛÍÖ ¶€éÆ ÀÇ֍æÅ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî.

þó‘ŽÖ ºª¦ :
ØóƵÌ¿ º±ÇÓϹ³ ¦þÆêÆ —̪¦Æ‘Ñ œÄ À™è ƒÜÛÍÖ ±À‘ בâŽòéîÑ. Öê¢ÇÓϹ³ ŠÏ Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã ƒÜÛÍÖ º‘€é, Ö …€¥™Å —°‘ÞÖ é¿º‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

Öê¢ :
À³€Ì, ØϳµÑ ‚ŽÆ —ºÍÆ µÌ›è ƒÜÛÏ™ ÏŽÖ €À¹³èãî. —µœ×‘ãÑ ¨Åº›è Á¹³èã°‘Ö —µœÚ´—°‘ÞÖ ƒ› é¿º‘ µ€¥ —ºìŽé³.

ÀÖÒ‘›Ž«ì :
ƒÜÛÑ µ‘¥™™ €Ò ×ãÑ¢™ ÙŽÆ ƒ¥À‘ Ø㛎 ×ÏŽé³. ƒ°íÏŽÖ …èã ¡Ìźª¦ÇÖ ‡ÕŽ ÃêÚ™ Ž¢€œ ä™¿º¨Žé³.

×Ì—Ò‘ª¦ :
Øϳ µÍÓϹ³ 6 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ ƒÜÛÑ …èã³. ƒ›è㠝×ò þ‘ØÖ ½€°¹³ ‘«¿º¨Žé³. °îÏŽÖ 15 ¦ ÿãÃÅ 12 ¦ ÒÃÅ —‘¯¥ ‰¹³ Ž«ìè …èãî. ƒ×í€é¿ º‘¯¦Æò Ž«ì ‡òºÑ. Ž«íêò Ÿíì À±ÓÖ Ö—ת¨è —º‘ꙍ¿ºª¨èãî. ƒÜÛÑ ×ÞþÆ º‘Ò×µ´°´³™¢ —œÖÕÅ œ‘€Ò Ì‘¬À›ÅÀ‘ã‘Ö €À™¿ºª°‘¢ —œ‘ÖÒ¿º¨Žé³.

±Ï¢ŸÞÆÖ :
ÌŸ Õ×ҍ›è ºÒ …èã ƒÜۀ̢ ŸíêÕÅ À³€Ì, ØϳµÑ, Ï¿½™ þ‘ª€¥ µÌ›è €À¹³èî. þ°×‘ÌÅ º‘¥¿—ºíé °ÒÀ‘Å. ƒ™ŽÌ‘ÀÅ
¯¥‘íêò €ÌÇÖ €À¹³ —œÞ¿º‘ …èã³. ÌÀ« ÀÍõ’ ƒÜÛÍÖ »é¹°×Ì‘×Ñ. ׬´ ³€éÇÖ µ‘¥‘Ñè é¿½íì Ø㛐ŽòéîÑ. ƒ›èã À¯×ã¿ º‘³‘¿½ Õ×ҍŠþ×㑯€À ×ãÑ¢™ÍÆ …°Ø€ã ‚íê ×ÏŽé³. ƒ›èã —°òï¹±Æ ±Ï¢œ€ºÇò þ°×‘ÒÆÅ Žê´³×эäò é¹° ×Þº‘ª¨´ °ÒÀ‘ …èã³.

ÒþœÌ µÖÕ–Ñ :
ÒþœÌ¿ º‘¯¦Æò —ºÆÌ‘Ö ˆíºª¥ ƒÜÛÍÖ, ×î‘Ö ª¥¿ºª¥ »è€ãÆ‘Ñ þ‘ØÕÅ, Ö—ת¨æÅ …èãî.

º¯€« Äò逥¿½ :
þ×㑯€À¢ —œÞ¿½é µ€¥—ºìÅ ƒÜÛÍÖ ºÒ Àòîэäò º¯€«è €À¹³èãî. ב€Ý, ÏŽ, —×íê€Ò™ —‘¦™‘Ö Ø€ã¢œÖ ±À‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

ºèäÀ¥Å :
±Ï¢ŸÞ™ ‡±þÌ, ¯¥‘íêò À썀ÌÇÖ ƒÜÛÑ €À¹³èã³. ‘ª¨™ ‘€ãÆÑ þ‘ØÖ ‡òº³ ƒÜÛÍò ƒò—î‘Ï —ºÆÑ. œÀ«Ñ ºèä Šòì ƒ›
ƒÏ¹±Ï™Žé³. ‚í雍€ÌÇÖ ‘€ãµ‘°Ñ, —œ‘Ñ«×ÖÓ ÅÀò þ‘ØÖè …èãî. þ‘ª€¥ Šòì ƒÏ¹°±í‘î °¥Æ›æÅ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî.

µÍ™¦ :
µÍ™¦ †Ì‘ª ŠòêÆ´ °€ÒµÌ‘î ƒÜÛÍÖ Àϳº‘¯¦ÆÌ‘Ö ª¥¿ºª¥
Àϳص‘ÆÑ þ‘ØÕÅ, Âî‘Å»€™ þ‘ØÕÅ, œ´±ÌÃÅ …èãî. Àϳ º‘¯¦ÆÑ™ ƒÜÛÍÖ ±ÏÚÏ×¢€Ò €À™¿ºª¨, ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ ØÝ‘ ‡¨´³¢ é¿»™¿º¨Žé³. œ´±Ì´±íè þ°×€°™ À鿺¦ ¾€œè µ€¥—ºìŽòéî. ò‘Á ô°Ý ‡òñÅ Àϳº‘¯¦ÆÑ €À¢œÑäò …Ï×¢ €ÒæÅ ƒ¢œ´±Ì´±Ö ƒÏ™Žòéî.

À‘ñ–Ñ :
ƒÜÛÍÖ …èã Ÿ¿»ÌÀ¬ÆÑ þ‘ØÓÖ º›ï …´±Ì´°òì þ°þÌ‘ª¥Å é¿º‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

ÙÌþœ‘ÝÅ :
µÍ™¦ÇÓϹ³ 5 Ž. ŸíêÉè㠍‘¨äÖ ÀÇÖè ±Å ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. ƒÜÛÍÕèã ºèäבœÓÖ ÀÇ֍晐´ ²ï þº‘¨×‘Ñ. ºÒ †Ñæ™Å ƒ›ŽÏ¹³ ÀÇÖè ñ¿º¿º¨Žòéî.

»è€ãÆ‘Ñ —°‘ª¦Æ›ãÅ :
»è€ãÆ‘Ï™ þׯ¦™—‘¯¨ ×Ñ …Ï×´€°¿ ¾ÁÇÖ ½€°´³ þׯ¨°€Ò ¶€éþ×íê™ —‘è×Ñ. ƒ°î‘Ö ƒÜÛÑ ƒ¿—ºÆÑ —ºíé³. þÀÕÅ ƒÜÛÑ ±ÏØ€¥ µÖÕ–Ñ ‡îÚÅ ±Ï×ãÑ µÖÕ–Ñ ‡îÚÅ ×Ý›¿º¨Žé³.

°ãב˽ÌÅ :
17‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö ˆíºª¥ ƒÜÛÑ °ã×‘Ë ÍƵ‘° ðÓÆ‘Ñ —ºÆÌ‘Ö ¶ÒÚŽé³. þœíì–ÍÓϹ³ —°òŽÝ™þ 3 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã ƒÜÛÍÖ —µœÚ´ —°‘ÞÖ é¿º‘ µ€¥—ºìŽé³.

ËÆî‘Ñ þ‘ØÖ :
ƒÌ‘󿺑€ãÆ´±ÓϹ³ 13 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ À€Ò¿ º±ÇÖ €À¹³èã³. œ‘€Ò ל± —ºíìèã³. ƒ› µÌ´³ ËÆî‘Ñ þ‘ØÕÅ, êÆ ÏØÉÅ …èãî. ÏØÇÖ ‚¯¨ Ãà׳Š°¯­Ñ º‘ËŽé³. ºÏ׍‘Ò´±Ö ˜¨°Ò‘ °¯­Ñ ØàŽé³. ƒ±ÓϹ³ Ý‘Ë ÄÒÀ‘ ƒÌ‘󿺑€ãÆÅ µÏ™ ¦ÿÑ ×Ý›¿º¨Žé³. ŸíìÒ‘¿ ºÆ¬æ™ ä¿¾ª¨Å ƒ¥À‘Å.

½îÖþ×Ó :
—º‘ª¥Öºª¦™ ÏŽÖ €À¹³èã ƒ¢íì–Ñ —µœÚ´ —°‘ÞÒ‘Ö é¿½íì Ø㛐Žé³.

×íêÌ‘ÇÏ¿½ :
ƒÆ퀍 ‡ÞÖ ¡ÝÓÖ ƒÜÛÑ €À¹³èã³. …ҍ¿ ½â —ºíé ؤ£‘ïÆ‘î ¥‘™¥Ñ. þ.‡ø. ŽÏö«ò ƒÜÛÍîÑ ‚בÑ. ƒÜÛÍÖ ×ò þ‘ØÖ, µÖÒ°›‘è þ‘ØÖ Ã°ÓÆî …èãî. µÖÒ´ °›‘è þ‘ØÖ ØÝ‘ À³€Ì´ €°Æ퍑Ìэã‘Ö —‘¯¥‘¥¿ —ºìŽé³.

´±Ê´³ :
‘ª¨×ãÅ, ƒÆ퀍 ‡ÞÖ, ÿÑ×ãÅ —‘¯¥ ƒÜÛÑ ×íé‘ÇÏ¿»ÓϹ³ 3Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒ› ÍÀ±Æ ³éØ ŠÏ×Íò °Ñ‘ …èã³. °îÏŽÖ ˆà ÀÌ›è …èãî. ƒ€× ºª¨¿ þº‘×þ° ƒÖ€Ò.

ÏØ¿º‘€é :
À€Ò ³ €À¹³è ƒÜÛÍÖ ºä£Ñ ‡òé À€Ò¢ œ‘±ÇîÑ Á±Æ‘ בâŽòéîÑ. ƒ¿º±ÇÖ Æ‘€î µ¥À‘ª¥Å ±Å. ÿª¦™ —‘¯¦Ï™Å ŠÏ º‘€é¿ º±Çò â ŸÀ‘Ñ 150 þºÑ °›×°íÍÆ ƒ¥×œ± …èã³. ƒ¿º‘€é™ œíì ÏŽÖ …è㠝êÆ ÏØÇÖ ‚¯¨ Ãà׳Š°¯­Ñ —‘ª¨Žé³.

˜À‘¿ºª¦ :
ÃøÔōè Á±Æ‘ בàÅ ƒÜÛÍÖ —ºÍÆ ¯À‘Ë Šòìèã³. À€Òצ ב̴±í —µÏ™À‘ …èã°‘Ö ÿÑ×ãÅ —œÞ¿º‘ …èã³. À€Ò³ ‘¿»ÉÅ ˆÒ™‘ÉÅ ºÇÍ¥¿ º¨Žòéî. ƒÜÛÌÏþ …èã þº¢™þ¬ º™Å Æ‘€îæÅ, ½ÓæÅ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî.

Ä×€Ì —×òé‘ò :
ƒ› ב€Ý´ þ°‘ª¥›è ±À‘ …èãî. ƒÜÛÑ ËÆî‘Ñ ×íé‘ÇÏ¿½ בâ À™äò ¯¯¥ —°Ë×À‘¿ þº‘íé¿ º¨Žé³. ƒÜÛÑ ÌœÑ Ä×€Ì —×òé ŠÏ×î‘Ö é¿½ìŽé³ ‡òºÑ. Ä×€éÆò ‡òé íéÌœ€î ×íé‘ ÇÏ¿½ À™è ¡â¢Æ‘Ö —×òéîÑ ‡òìÅ ×ÌÒ‘ì ˜ìŽé³. ƒÜÛÏ™ œíì´ °èä …èã 400 ¦ …ÆÌ À€Ò€Æ —À‘ª€¥ À€Ò ‡òºÑ. ƒÅÀ€ÒÇÖ Ÿ€îÉÅ €™ þ‘ØÕÅ …èãî. µ¹±Çò ×‘Ë ×ÞÆ‘ ÿÑ —‘ª¨Žé³.

œ³ÌŽÍ :
þÀí —°‘¥Ñ¢ À€Ò³ €À¹° —ºÆÑ —ºíé °ÒÀ‘Å. °êÆ ŽÍ ‡òºþ° œ³ÌŽÍ ‡î ×Ý›¿º¨Žé³ ‡òºÑ. ×íé‘ÇÏ¿»ÓϹ³ 8Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ °‘¬¿º‘€é …èã³. ›ŽÏ¹³ À€Ò³ Ší€éƦ¿ º‘€° ×ÞþÆ ŸÀ‘Ñ 10Ž. µ¥¹³¢ —œòì œ³ÌŽÍ€Æ €¥Æ þׯ¨Å. ×ÞÇÖ ×à™¿ º‘€é Á¹³èã°‘Ö ƒ¿ºÆ«Å œíì ×Ï´³Å ±é´°³. ƒÅÀ€ÒÇÖ þó‘±ØϪœÅ ‡òñÅ Šä‘ª¨Å ÀÌÅ …èã³. ˆÌ‘ãÀ‘î ÄÓ€è ¶í€¹°³. ºÒ òìæÅ ã›æÅ ‘«¿º¨Žòéî. þœ‘€Òè þ°‘¿½è ¡â¹³ ƒÆ퀍 ‡ÞÖ ¶€é¹³ ‘«¿º¨Žòé³. ŸíìÒ‘¿ºÆ¬€ã ÀŽâØ™Å ƒ¥À‘ ±âŽé³.

ìÀ€Ò :
ŠÏ êÆ òêò ³ ƒÜÛÑ …èã³. †Íò ŠÏ º± Žêø±Æò þºª€¥ ‚Å. ´þ°‘Ó™Å ðÓÖ ºÌØÆ ƒ¥›æè Šòé‘î ƒÜÛÍÖ Žêø³×¿ —ºÍÆ‘Ñ ŠÏ×Íò ÖÒ€é …èã³. ƒ³ 17-‚Å ¸–í鑯€¥¢ þœÑ¹°³. ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ þÀ À‘°Å ƒ› ±ÏØÝ‘ —‘¯¥‘¥¿º¨Žé³.

À‘Ì‘ó½ÌÅ :
ƒ¹±Æ ب°€Ò ×ÌÒ‘íêÖ ƒÜÛÏ™ é¿º‘î °ïǥŠ…¯¨. Ò ‘ÒÅ ƒ› ‘¹± ‚ÌÀÅ µ€¥—ºíé³. ƒ› ÅÀ×эã‘Ö ª¥¿—ºíé ‡Ö€ÒÆÅÀò þ‘ØÖ …èã³.

ðÓÆ‘Ñ †íì :
—º‘à³ þº‘™ÚÅ, þת€¥Æ‘¥ÚÅ —×è€ãÆÑ ƒÜÛÏ™ ×Ï×€° ×Ý™À‘ —‘¯¦Ï¹°îÑ. À€Ò¿º±ÇÖ …èã ƒÜÛÑ ÝÑ þ‘ØÓÓϹ³ 8 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒÜÛÍÓϹ³ òîÀñ–Ñ, þ°ï ðÓÆ×íêò ‡ÞÖ Á´ þ°‘íé´€°™ ¯¨ ƒò½éÒ‘Å.

‚Ò›ãÅ :
ÝÌ‘óÒÌ‘ÀïÓϹ³ ƒÜÛÑ 6 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³. ƒÜۀ̢ ŸíêÉèã ÍœÖ ¾ÁÇÖ ºÏ´± é¿º‘ Ø€ãŽé³. Ÿ¯«‘Ž¿ º¦×›è Á¹° º±Æ‘°Ò‘Ö, ÌîÍò —À¯¨ —°‘Þ휑€Ò ¶ì׿ºª¦Ï™Žé³.

ƒÌ‘À¢œ¹±Ì½ÌÅ :
—œòãÅ ƒ°ò Àí—é‘Ï —ºÆÑ. ƒ¹±Æ ب°€Ò¿ þº‘Ì‘ª¥›äÖ º› —ºíé †Ñ. …‘¯¥‘ ºÏ´± ƒ› ±À‘Ë Ø€ãÉÅ þ×㑯 ºÇÌ‘Å.

ÀÖÓ :
‚¯¥‘è »é¹° †Ì‘Å. ƒ°í 'ÀÖÓ µ‘¥‘¯¥ À¥ÀÇÖ' 'ÀÏבÏÅ ±ÏÀÖÓ ×㵑¨' ‡ñÅ —œ‘í—鑥эæÅ œ‘òé‘Žòéî. Ø࿺ñ–Ñ ‡òñÁ¥´±Ö —ºÏÀ‘èþ‘ØÖ ‡à¿º¿ºª¨èã³.

ÀÅœ‘½ÌÅ :
œ¹°‘œ‘Ž¿ ¶€îב 'ÀÀ³ œ‘ù’¿½ÌÅ' ‡òé —ºÆÌ‘Ö ˆíºª¥ †Ñ ÀÅœ‘½ÌÅ ‡î ×Ý›Žé³. ØÖÓ¿½´³–ÍÓϹ³ 5 Ž. —°‘€ÒØÖ …èã³.

ƒÌ‘󺑀ãÆÅ :
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