Password

º‘œî ÀéæÅ ÿÑ×ã þÀÒ‘¯€ÀÉÅ

¶Ò ×ãÅ, ‘Öµ€¥ ×ãÅ ‚ŽÆ×íêò œÍ€×¿ ºíê¿ º‘Ñ´þ°‘Å. ƒï, ÿÑ×ãÅ ×íêƳ ºíêÉÅ ×鯥 º‘œî ¶Ò›è —ª¨¿þº‘î €°€ÆÉÅ —°Í¹³—‘èãÒ‘Å. µÅ µ‘ª¦ò ÿÑ ×ãÅ ƒÌ¯¨ ¸–í鑯¨æ™ Ãò žÌÞÆ´ —°‘¥›ŽÆ³. ¹°¢ žÌÞÚ ƒòì×€Ì ºÒØ°›äÖ —°‘¥Ñ¹³ ×ÏŽé³. Ÿ°¹±Ì´±í Ãò½×€ÌÇÒ‘î œÍ´±Ì´€° ƒ™ª¨€ÌÇÖ º‘Ñ¿þº‘Å. Ÿ°¹±Ì ƒ¹±Æ‘ØÖ ª¥¿ºª¥ »ÌÅÀ‘¯¥À‘î €«€ã¿ ºíê ¨´³×ÏÅ ª¨€ÌäÖ º‘Ñ™Ò‘Å.

º‘ÌźÍÆ Ã€éè

°´°À³ º±äÖ —ºËÉÅ À€ÝÆã€×™ Ï´±Ö —‘¯¨°‘ò Øל‘Çè ºÇÑ ×€€ã´ þ°Ñ¹—°¨´°îÑ. ×鯥, בîÅ º‘Ñ´° ¶Ò›äÖ, À‘î‘בͿ ºÇэã‘î Þ —צ¢œ‘ò þº‘òé º‘ÌźÍÆ —µÖ ̍›€ãÉÅ Å½, þâ×̐, ±€î, œ‘€À, ×̐, þœ‘ãÅ, ±€Ì×‘Ó þº‘òé †ª¥¢œ´³Á™ ì °‘ïÆ›€ãÉÅ ºÇͪ¨×¹°îÑ. ƒÆ퀍ÇþÒþÆ ÿÑ×ãÅ Á¹° ƒ¥›äÖ, ›èã þ°€×è, À¯×ãÅ, Ò‘¢œ‘ÌÅ, °ªº —׿º´±í ˆíé º‘œî €À¿½€ã¿ (Ž«ìè, ˆÍè, —×èã¿ º‘œî™ ‘Öבˍè, †í왍‘֍è, œ™‘֍è) ½´±œ‘Ó´°îÀ‘ צ׀À´³¿ ºÌ‘ÀÍ´³ ×¹°îÑ. בâÚ™þ ‚°‘ÌÀ‘ Ø㛐Šƒ¹° ÿѶ€Ò€ã¿ ½ï°À‘™ Ï± ׫›ŽÉÅ ×¹°îÑ. þ‘Ç֍晐¿ »ÌÆ‘«Å —œË³×Ï׳˜¥´ ''²Ñ´° Æ‘´±€Ì'' ‡òé —ºÆÍþÒþÆ ×Ý›¿ºª¥³.

ˆÍè

°Áⵑª¦Ö Àª¨Å 44,000 —ºÍÆ ˆÍè ƒÏ¹°î ‡î´ —°ÍŽé³. œ›ŽÓ´ —°‘¥Ì‘ €À¹° ƒ¹° ˆÍè ×Þ—ÆÖÒ‘Å …èã ¶Ò›€ã¢ —œà€ÀÆ‘™Ž™ €¥ Àª¥´±Ö þ‘ÇÖ ã›ã‘ æ¹°î ‡òº€°ÉÅ êÆ Ã¦Žé³. —œ›Öºª¨ À‘ת¥´±Õèã ×¥™¿ºª¨¿ º±Çò Ø×Ì›€ã¿ º‘Ñ´°‘Ö, › ‰¹±Ö ŠÏ º› (°‘׳, 680 —ù™þ¥ÍÖ 136 —ù™þ¥Ñ ºÌ¿ºãÚ) ÿÌ‘°‘ÌÀ‘þ× ƒÏ¹±Ï™Žé³. ƒ€° ¹°¿ º±€Æ 1774-ƒÖ œÑþ× —œË° —ºÑî‘Ѩ ‡òñÅ ‚›ŽþÒÆ¿ —º‘êÇÆÒ‘ãÑ º±Ú—œË³èã‘Ñ.

ò€éÆ €À¡Ñ À‘¶Ò´±Ö, 29,500 œ³Ì €ÀÖ ºÌ¿ºãØÖ, 38,000™Å ±À‘î ˆÍè (òî¥ —À‘ÞÇÖ ''þþÌ''™è) ƒÏ¹°îבÅ. þÀóÑ œ‘›™þ ‡òé ‚›ŽþÒÆ¿ —º‘êÇÆÒ‘ãÑ ŠÏ×Ñ, ƒ×í€é¿ ºíê™ ˜ìÅþº‘³, "ƒ¹±ÆÑè ‡¹° ãÚ™ ÿÑ ì×€¥ €À¿½€ã €À´³èãîÑ ‡òé‘Ö, ƒï¿ ½±°‘ ‡›‘׳ Šòì €À™ þׯ¨Å ‡òì ‡¯¬î‘Ö˜¥, °í‘î ƒ¥´€°´ þ°¦™ ¯¨»¦¿º³ Á™ ¦îÅ!" ‡òì ˜êÉèã‘Ñ.

—×èã¿ º‘œî™ ‘Öבˍè

º‘ÌźÍÆÀ‘ µ±è ÀíìÅ ‘Ö×‘Ëè €î´³Å —×èã¿ º‘œîÅ —œË³×¹°î. °‘׳, —×èãÅ —ºÏ™—¨™Åþº‘³ €× ×Þ¹³, µ±Çò ƒÏ ½é›äÕÅ …èã ×Æ֍è ÄâŽØ¨Å. ƒ°ò ÄÒÅ ¹° ×Æ֍äÖ º‘œîÅ µ€¥—ºìÅ. …ÒŽþÒþÆ Á¿—ºÍÆ €«æè Šòé‘î, ‡Ž¿³ µ‘ª¦ò øבò €«™‘î ±ª¥´€° א´° ØÖÓÆÅ Ø֍‘™ø ‡òé ‚›ŽþÒÆ ÿÑ¿º‘œî¿ —º‘êÇÆÒ‘ãÑ ƒ€° Ø㙎Éèã‘Ñ. 1930-‚Å ‚¯¨ ×›‘ã¿ ºÖ€Ò™Ý´±Ö "×›‘ã´±ò º¯€¥Æ ÿÑ¿º‘œî Àé" ‡òñÅ °€Ò¿»Ö ×Ñ ¶â´±Æ —°‘¥Ñ —œ‘í—º‘ÞڍäÖ ƒ¹°Ã€é€Æ Ý‘ Ø㙎Éèã‘Ñ:

×›‘ã´±Ö ‹¨Å °‘þÀ‘°Ñ µ±Çò ºèã´°‘™ŽÖ ב⹰ À™è, µ±Çò €Ì€Æ¢ œíþé …ÆÑ´± €×´³™—‘¯¥îÑ. ¶Ò´€°¢ œíì …ÆÑ´±, °›è Ù¨€ã °òþÀÖ ª¦™—‘¯¥îÑ. ºÏ× À€ÝÇòþº‘³, Øל‘Æ ¶Ò›äÖ °¯­Ñ þ°›Åþº‘³ —µÖ Ø€°€ã Ø€°´°îÑ. —µÖ µ‘íìè, —‘Ÿ™äò ½à™è (larvae) ¶€é¹° þœíì ¶Ò›äÖ ×ãѹ³ ¶òéî. ºÏ×À€ÝÇò …¢œª¥´±Ö —×èãÅ —ºÏ™—¨´°³. ƒ¹° —×èãÅ ŠÏ —ºÍÆ ¶Ò¿ºÌ¿»Ö ºÌØÆ°‘Ö, ÿÑÀª¥Å —À³×‘ ±Í´°³. þÀÕÅ, À™æ™ —×èã´±ò ãÚ, —×èãÅ ÿ¦™Å ‘ҍª¥Å þº‘òé€× ºíêÆ êÚ ƒÏ¹°°‘Ö, ×Ñè °í‘î Ãò—͙€€ã þÀ헍‘¯¥îÑ. —µÖ µ‘í썀㠇¨´³ µ¨×°íè, …ÆÑ´±Æ €Ì °‘þ× Ò ƒ¥›äÖ …€¥¹³þº‘î³. Øל‘ǍæÅ °‘À‘þ× Ò ƒ¥›äÖ €Ì€Æ …€¥´³Øª¥îÑ. ×ÆÕ™è —À³×‘¿ º‘˹þ°‘¦ ×¹° µ±ÿÑ, °ò ˜¥þ× ×ãÀ‘î þœí쿺¦Ú€ãÉÅ (silt) ì Âò¤Ÿ€ãÉÅ —‘¯¨×¹°³. ƒ¹° Âò¤Ÿè ÿÍÖ ×‘àÅ —‘Ÿ¿ ½à™€ã´ ±òìت¨, °ò Þڍ€ã™ —‘¯¨ ¶Ò´€° þÀÕÅ ×㿺¨´±Øª¨, ÿÑ×íìÅþº‘³ ‚›‘›þ Øל‘Çè —×ª¦ÇϹ° ª€¥æ™è —œòì ƒî¿—ºÏ™Å —œË³—‘¯¥î. À€ÝÇÖÒ‘° ‘Ò›äÕÅ ƒ¹°¿ º¯€«™ ª€¥è €—‘¨´°î. À€Ý ‹Ë¹° »ò, €Ì€Æ ¯¨Å ºÒ¿º¨´±Øª¨ À™è °›è þ׀ҍ€ã¿ º‘Ñ´°îÑ. ÿÍÖ …èã „Ì¿º°Å, ºÏ¿½, ‡¯—«Ë Ø´³è þº‘òé ƒò—î‘Ï ì×€¥™Å …°ØƳ.

‡¿—º‘఑׳ ŠÏÀé, —ºÍÆ —×èãÅ ×¹³ ºÇэ€ãÉÅ Ù¨€ãÉÅ þœ°Å —œË³ ت¨¿þº‘î³ …¯€À°‘ò. ‚î‘Ö, —×èã›è —‘¯¨×¹° —œà€ÀÆ‘î ׯ¥Ö À¯¬ò À´³×´€° µò ê¹° À™è, ¹°¢ þœ°´€°¿ —ºÍ°‘¿ —º‘Ϫº¨´°ØÖ€Ò. "º‘Ò‘ò (µ±) ƒ¹° ‚¯¨Å —ºÏŽ ×Þƪ¨Å Ù¨ þœ°À€¥¹°‘Ö ºà³º‘Ñ´³™—‘èãÒ‘Å. ×Þ¹þ°‘¥ØÖ€Ò—Æòé‘Ö, Ùª¦ÓÏ™Å —º‘Ïè €î´€°ÉÅ ƒÝ¹³Ø¨þבÅ!" ‡òì ¼ù‘Ñ, Á±€ÒÇÖ ŠÏ ºÝ—À‘Þ ×Ý›Ž×¹±Ï™Žé³. 1871-ƒÖ, ½ÑïÆ‘ À‘ת¥´±ò ‚ªÆ‘ãÑ, —×èã´ °¨¿½ €«™‘î ±ª¥™ þ‘Í™€€Æ ¶Ì‘Í´°‘Ñ. °í ×Ñ ˜êÆ ‘Ì«Å, "—º‘³×‘þ×, ºÏ׍‘Ò —×èã´°‘Ö ºÇÑ þœ°À€¥ÉÅ ‚¯¨ä—ÒÖÒ‘Å °í¨´° ì×€¥ ºÍÁ°À‘ ×¹³, ƒÝ¿€º „¨ª¦Ø¨Žé³" ‡òº³°‘ò.

ƒ¿º¦ ¸–í왍«™‘î ‚¯¨ã‘ —×èã´€° ‡±Ñº‘Ñ´³, ×Ìþ×íì™ —‘¯¥‘¦´ °›è þ×㑯€À€Æ þÀ헍‘¯¥îÑ ¿º±Çò À™è. °Áⵑª¦Ö °›è ¨Åº¿ º¯€«ÇÕÅ ƒ¿º¦ µ¥¹°°‘´ ±Ïׯ«‘À€Ò þÀÖ—º¯«‘´³–Ñ ƒÆ퀍 Øל‘Ç þ‘°¯¥Ì‘Àò ×Ϭ™™ þª¦Ï™Žþéò.

ƒ€°´ °ØÌ œ™‘֍è, †í왍‘֍è þº‘òé …èçÑ €À¿½æÅ º‘œî´±í …°Øî. ƒ€× þÀíºÌ¿½ ÿÌ‘°‘Ì›äò Úã‘Ö ÀíìÅ ¶Ò´°¦ ÿÑ †íìã‘Ö ‚î€×.

‚›ŽþÒÆ ‚ª™ ù€°Æ ‘Ò›äÖ, ÿÌ‘°‘Ì›è ŽÌ‘À ãØÖ ¶Ñב™ à €À™¿ºª¨, þº‘³À‘î ãØÖ ¶± Š³™¿ºª¨ À™ã‘þÒþÆ ºÌ‘ÀÍ™¿ºª¥î. …°‘Ì«´±í, 1760-äÖ ×¥™¿ºª¨¿ º±ÇÖ, ‚¯¦í 45 ¥ò …«Ú °‘ïÆÅ ÿÑ¿º‘œî þÀÒ‘¯€À™‘, ˆÍ בÍÆ´±í‘î ¶±Æ‘ Š³™¿ºª¦Ï¹°³. ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ ÿÌ‘°‘Ì›€ã¿ ºà³º‘Ñ´³¿ ºÌ‘ÀÍ™, °Áâ µ‘ª¦Ö ¦ÀÌ‘À´³ ‡òŽé À™äò °òî‘Ñ×™ ˜ª¨¿ º¬ ÀéÉÅ þÀ헍‘è㿺ª¥³.

º‘ÌźÍÆ ÿÑ×ã þÀÒ‘¯€À Àéè —º‘³×‘¢ é¿º‘ ƒÆ›Žî‘ÕÅ, ×íêò ºÒò€ã ñºØ¿º±Ö œ‘± ¦¿º€¥ÇÖ ºÒ ˆíé´°‘âÚè ƒÏ¹°î. â¢œ‘±ÇîÑ, µÖÒ °ÌÀ‘î ÿÑ —‘¯¥ þÀÖœ‘±ÇîÍò Ž«ì€ã …ºþÆ‘Ž¿º³ °€¥—œËÆ¿ºª¥³. º‘ÌźÍÆ™ ‘Öבˍè ÄÒÅ º‘œî ÿÑ, œ›ŽÓ þº‘òé€À¹° º¯€«è ŠòêÓϹ³ Àí—é‘ò왐¿ º‘˹³, ƒì±ÇÖ ŠÏ º¯€«ÇÖ °›ŽØ¨Å. —º‘³×‘ þÀÖ Àª¥´±Ö €À¹° º¯€«è þÀÖœ‘±ÇîÏ€¥Æ°‘ÚÅ €¥™ âÀª¥´±Ö €À¹° º¯€«è â¢œ‘±ÇîÏ€¥Æ°‘ÚÅ ƒÏ¹°î. €¥¿ º¯€«ÇÖ ÿÑ ×¦Æ¿ þº‘±Æ ל±è ƒÖÒ‘ÀÖ, ›þþÆ þ°›Ž ¹° ¶Ò´±ò …¿½´°ò€À œíþé ±À‘ ƒÏ¹°³. (Ø㙍ŠþÝ). ƒ´°€Æ º‘̺ªœÀ‘î þº‘™ €ãÆ¿º¥ þׯ¨Å ‡òº±Ö œ¹þ°ÁÖ€Ò. ‚î‘Ö, ƒ°íÅ ‚›ŽþÒÆÑè —‘¯¨×¹° À‘í雍晐Š‡¹°´ —°‘¥Ñ½Å ƒÖ€Ò.

‚›ŽþÒÆ ‚ª™ ‘Ò´±Ö ˆíºª¥ žÌÞڍè

ƒ¹±Æ‘Øò º‘ÌźÍÆ ÿÑ þÀÒ‘¯€À €À¿½è ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ ‚ª™ ‘Ò´±Ö ‡¿º¦¿ º‘±¿½™èã‘Çî ‡òº€° ƒ¿þº‘³ º‘Ñ¿þº‘Å. ‚›ŽþÒÆÑè €ÀÆ¿º¨´°¿ºª¥ ×Íر´ ±ª¥´€° ÀÖ—œË³ ÿÑ þÀÒ‘¯€À€Æ ×Ñè ª¨¿º‘ª¨™è ‡¨´³™—‘¯¥‘эè. é¿º‘ µ€¥—ºíì™—‘¯¦Ï¹° ÿÑ×ã þÀÒ‘¯€À, ƒ°î‘Ö ‡¹° ãØÖ, ‡¹°×€ÇÖ º‘±™¿ºª¥³ ‡òº°í‘î Ø㙍›€ã ×эþã ˜é™ þªþº‘Å.

1838-ƒÖ ó’. °‘Å÷ò ‡òº×Ñ ƒÜ×‘ì ‡à±î‘Ñ: "µ‘ª¦ò µÒñ™‘, ƒ¹³ ÀíìÅ ƒøÒ‘ÁÆэã‘Ö ª¥¿ºª¥ œ‘€ÒæÅ ã›æÅ ‘ÖבˍæÅ ºÌ‘ÀÍ¿þº ƒòê¢ žÌÞ¹³×ÏŽòéî!" 1858-ƒÖ þÀ‘¯ªþ‘ÀÍ À‘Ѧò, "ŽÝ™Ž¹±Æ™ Å—ºï, ½±°‘ ×ãÑ¢¿ º¬€ã þÀ헍‘èã‘°³ Àª¨ÀÖÒ‘ÀÖ, ˆíîþ× …èã —º‘³ ƒ¥›€ã¿ ºà³ º‘Ñ´³¿ ºÌ‘ÀÍ¿º³Å Ž€¥Æ‘³!" ‡òì €é˜êî‘Ñ.

»Íª¦ö ùÚø ‚Œ¿ ‘Àòø (British House of Commons) œ€ºÇÖ, 1858 ó•ò 24 òì ó‘ò »€Ìª ‡òº×Ñ, "À‘ò—œø¥Ñ µÍÖ ‹Ì‘¯¦Ö °¯­Ï™‘¢ —œÒ×Þ™Å —°‘€€ÆØ¥, 14 ‚¯¨äÖ (1834-1848) —º‘³¿º¬æ™‘ ƒ¹±Æ µ‘¨ Ãà׳Š—œÒ×Þ™¿ºª¥ —°‘€ €éבî³." ‡òì «™Žª¨™ ‘ª¦î‘Ñ.

1854-ƒÖ —º‘³¿º¬´ ³€é º¤œ‘¿»Ö ¶ì׿ºª¥€°´ —°‘¥Ñ¹³, ƒ¹±Æ‘Øò Àíé À‘¶Ò›æ™Å ƒ¹° Ã€é ºÌØƳ. œ‘°‘Ì«À‘ …èçÑ ¶Ñב™ àþ× þ°€×€ã ê¹³, ³Í°À‘ æ—ר´³ þ׀ҍ€ã þÀ헍‘¯¥ Àé À€é¹°³. ¶ÑבÅ €ÀÆ¿º¨´°¿ºª¥°‘Ö ‡ÖÒ‘×í왐ŠÌœ‘›´±¥Å €þƹ± ¶íÅ ¶€Ò™ À™è ‚ã‘î‘эè. þ×‘ÖÑ ƒ³ ºíê ØÍב Ø㙐Žé‘Ñ: "À³€Ì À‘ת¥´³ Øל‘Ǎè, ˆÍ€ã¢ žÌ€À™Å º¬ÇÖ ¶àÅ °‘À°´€°¿ ºíê™ ˜ì×€°™ þæ›è. °‘Ö°‘Ï™¢ —œË± Ž€¥´°Ú¥ò, ×Ñ ³€« À‘ת¥ ‚ªÆ‘ãͥŠ—œÖŽé‘Ñ ×Ñ À‘ת¥ ‚ªÆ‘ãͥŠ—œÖŽé‘Ñ ×Ñ, —º‘³¿º¬´ ³€éÇò ¶Ñב¿ —º‘êÆ‘ãͥŠÀéǨŽé‘Ñ ƒ×Ñ, °€Ò€À¿ —º‘êÆ‘ãÏ™ ‡à³Žé‘Ñ (³ÚÅ, Äòì À‘ת¥›æ™Å þœÑ´³ ŠþÌ—Æ‘Ï °€Ò€À¿ —º‘êÆ‘ãÑ ±Ï¢ÇÖ ƒÏ™Žé‘ÑÑ ƒ×Ñ, À°Ì‘÷’Õèã °€Ò€À Õ×ҍ´±í ƒ°ò ÃòñÍ€À ºíê¢ º‘ÍŸ —œËŽé‘Ñ. ‚ —À‘´°´±Ö ƒ³ ŠÏ ÿ¯¥ —µ¦Æ —œÆÖ Ã€éÆ‘ …èã³. ƒ—°ÖґŠæװíè —º‘³×‘ ¹° ‚¯¦ò ºÇÑ þº‘±Æ ÿÍÖÒ‘ÀÖ Þ¹³Ø¨Žé³!"

ƒ¿º¦, ±‘ÌÅ À™äò €€ãت¨ ØÒŽÆ°ò Ø€ãב, ÿÌ‘°‘Ì›€ã¿ ºÌ‘ÀÍ™Å —º‘쿽«Ñ¢ÉÅ ×эä¥ÁϹ³ À€éÆ´ —°‘¥›ŽÆ³. ƒ°€î þב֍þÌ Ø㙐Žé‘Ñ: "µ‘Å ƒòìÅ ØÆ™´°™ À‘—ºÏÅ ˆÍ€ãÉÅ ‘Öבˍ€ãÉÅ ŠÏ ‘Ò´±Ö À™è °‘›ã‘þ× …Ïב™ŽÇÏ™Žé‘Ñè ‡òº³ ‡òîþב …¯€À°‘ò. ‚î‘Ö, þ° À™è ƒòì ½±Æ º¬€ã þÀ헍‘èæÅ ¶€ÒÇÖ ƒÖ€Ò. À‘鑍, Ìœ‘›´€°þÆ ‡±Ñº‘Ñ™ŽòéîÑ." 1850-äÖ °Áⵑª¦ò ¦ÀÌ‘À´³ ÀéÉÅ €°Æ´ —°‘¥›ŽÆ³.

ƒ¹±Æ Øל‘Æ´±ò žÌÞ€× Ø㛎™—‘è㠁̜‘› / ¶Ñב Àéè ÀíìÅ º‘œî €À¿½äò —°‘ÞÖ¸ªºÅ ‚ŽÆ×íêò °ò€À€ã¿ ºíêÆ œÍÆ‘î ½Í°Ö ÁÚÅ ×ÆÅ. º¯€¥Æ ‘Ò´±Ö …èçÑ ¶ÑבÅ, º‘œî €À¿½ Àéäò צ׀À¿½, ª¨À‘îÅ, ºÌ‘ÀÍ¿½ ‚ŽÆ€× €î´³Å À™ä¥þÀ ƒÏ¹³×¹°³. ˜¥þ×, ×í왍‘î ±‘ÌÅ, ª¨¿º‘¨, —º‘쿽 ‚ŽÆ€×ÉÅ ƒÏ¹°î. ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ ¶ìØت¨¢ —œòé, €ÀÆ¿º¨´°¿ºª¥ Ìœ‘› ÀíìÅ ¶Ñב Àéè ƒ€×ƀ°ÉÅ Šª¨—À‘´°À‘¢ €°´°î. À‘—ºÏÅ €«™ª¨è, ‘Ö×‘Ë €À¿½€ã צ׀À¿º³, …Ïב™×³, ƒÆ™×³, ºÌ‘ÀÍ¿º³ ‚ŽÆ×í왐 ƒÆÖº‘þ× €ÀÆ¿º¨´°¿ºª¥ ¶ÑבÅ þ°€×¿ºª¥³. ±‘Ì €À¿»Ö ˆíîþ× ²ØÌÀ€¥¹³ ×¹° €ÀÆ¿º¨´°¿ºª¥ ±‘Ì™ Ø¿€º ƒ€× þÀÕÅ ×Õ¿º¨´±î. ƒ¹° À‘íéÅ ÿÑ×ã ‚°‘Ì›è³ À™æ™ ƒÏ¹° …Í€À€ÆÉÅ —º‘ì¿€ºÉÅ Àì´³ ×э€ã ¹¶Æ¿º¨´±Æ³.

‚ÇÌÀ‘ÇÌÅ ‚¯¨ã‘´ °¯­Ï¥ò À™æ™ …ÏבŽ ¶€Ò—ºíêϹ° ½ï°À‘î …éÚ, ŠþÌ °€ÒÃ€é ƒ€¥—×äÇÖ ³¯¦™¿ºª¥´ °›æ™Å °íÅ ˆþ°‘ ³–Ì´³¢ —œ‘¹°Å Àª¨Å Šª¦ÇÏ¿º³þº‘Ò À™è µ¥¹³—‘èã´ —°‘¥›ŽîÑ. ®Ã€éÇÖ ˆíºª¥ ƒ¹° ¦¿º€¥ À‘íéÅ µÀ³ Øל‘ÆÅ žÌÞ¹° €°ÇÖ Á ÙŽÆÀ‘î ŠÏ ¶âבÅ.

‚›ŽþÒÆÑ ‚ª™ ‘Ò´±í Ãòþº °Áⵑª¦Ö œ‘± ˆíº‘¨è Ò×íé‘Ö º‘ÌźÍÆ ÿÑ ×ã þÀÒ‘¯€À €À¿½è €°¹°°‘ÚÅ þ° ‘ҍª¥´±Ö ƒÌ‘óø°‘ïÖ Ò ½±Æ À€Ý ÿÑ ì×€¥ €À¿½è ª¥¿ºª¥°‘ÚÅ Ò ‚Ì‘Ë¢è Ÿª¦™‘ª¨Žòéî. ‚î‘Ö, Šª¨—À‘´°À‘¿ º‘Ñ´°‘Ö, µÅ µ‘ª¦ò ÿÌ‘°‘Ì›è ¥¹° ƒÌ¯¨ ¸–í鑯¨ã‘¿ º¦¿º¦Æ‘¢ žÑ€Ò¹³ ×¹±Ï™Žòéî ‡òº³ À왍 æƑ° …¯€À.

¶Ì¹°Ì¿ º‘œîÅ: ‘Öבˍè, €«è, €«™ª¨è, ÿÑ´þ°™›è

''×鯥 ¶Ò›æ™Å ‚¯¨ Ãà׳Š°¯­Ñ Ž€¥™¢—œË³Øª¥‘Ö, èä™—‘¨™Å º«¿ºÇÑ¿ º¯€«€ã ØÍב™Ž ƒÒ‘ºÅ ‡¨´³™—‘èãÒ‘þÀ!'' ‡òì ‚›ŽþÒÆÍò ׬ Ā㠝¹±´°³. ƒ¹° þÆ‘œ€î, ƒ¹±Æ ׀̺¥´±Ö ì™Å —µ¨™À‘ ‹¨Å À‘—ºÏÅ ‘Öבˍ㑍 19-‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö …ϗר´°³. °í¢ œíì ÃòîþÌ —°‘¥›ŽÇϹ° €«™ª¨è ÀíìÅ €«äò ª¨À‘î¿ º¬è ²ØÌÀ€¥¹°î.

þÀþÒ‘ª¥À‘¿ º‘Ñ´°‘Ö µ±äÖ ‹¨Å °¯­€Ì´ °¨¿½è ÄÒÅ þ°™Ž, ‘Öבˍäò ÄÒÅ ±€œ±Ï¿½Å €À¿½ ÁÚÅ µò€À Ø€ãØ™Å ŠÏ ˆíº‘¥‘þ× —°ÍÉÅ. º‘œî ל± —‘¯¨ ×ãÏÅ —ÀÖÓÆ —µÖ ̍›è þº‘òé ºÇÑè —ºÏ ƒ¹° €«è ‘Ì«À‘ €À¹°î ‡òº³ …¯€À°‘ò. ‚î‘Ö, ³ …¯€ÀÇò ŠÏ º‘± °‘ò. ºÒÏ™´ —°ÍÆ‘° °ò À캑± ÁÚÅ œ¿º‘î°‘Å. ‚ֺѪ þù‘בѪ, ¶Ì¹°Ì™ ‘Öב˿ º‘œî´±ò ‡±ÑÀ€é Ø€ãڍ€ã¿ ºíê¿ º™Å º™À‘Ë ‡à±Éèã‘Ñ.

ƒ¹±Æ´ ³€«™¯¥´±ò ×鯥 ¶Ò›ä—ÒÖÒ‘Å ƒÆ퀍ÇþÒþÆ €ÌÆ™˜¦Æ ºÒ ×€Æ‘î …¿½è (soluble salts) …èãî. ± ãڍäÖ ÿ€Ì¿ º‘Ë¢ צ‘Ö ×œ±€ã¢ œÍÆ‘¢ —œËƑت¥‘Ö, › ¶Ò´°¦ ÿÑÀª¥Å …Æѹ³, ¹° ÿÑ ‚ØÆ‘Åþº‘³, °ñ¥ò …¿½æÅ ¶Ò´±ò þÀí½é´±í ×¹³ ª¦ã‘´ °›ŽØ¨Å.

ƒ¿º¦, 19-‚Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö ‘Öבˍäò …°ØÉ¥ò ¶Ì¹°ÌÀ‘î º‘œîÅ —œË³ —µÖ, ÏŽ, ºÏ´±, þ‘³€À þº‘òé ºÇэ€ã Ø€ãØ´° ×鯥 ¶Ò›—ãÖÒ‘Å, ÙŽÆÀ‘ צ‘Ö ×œ±è ƒÖÒ‘° ¶Ò›—ãÖÒ‘Å, —א Ø€ÌØÖ …¿½ ¶Ò›ã‘ À‘é´ —°‘¥›Žî. À¯¬Ö …¿»ò ãÚ ±Í´°‘Ö, ±Ö ¸¯®Çэè ×‘Ý Ã¦Æ‘ÀÖ ¶ÒÅ ×ãÁÝ™´ —°‘¥›Å. ¹° À¯ Ø€ÌØþÒþÆ ÀÒ¥‘ŽØ¨Å.

À‘Ì‘ö¦Ì À‘¶Ò´±Ö 1885-‚Å ‚¯¨ ª¦ 晍¿ºª¥³ ''¶Ì‘ ƒ¥³€Ì™ ‘ÖבË'' (Nira Left Bank Canal). µ‘òþ ‚¯¨æ™¿ »ò €°¢ œ‘ѹ° 81,000 ˆ™Ñ ¶Ò´³è, 9,100 ˆ™Ñ Šò왐Š…°×‘° …¿½ ¶ÒÀ‘ À‘êƳ; 27,000 ˆ™Ñ ¶ÒÅ ¬œÀ‘î ãÚ™¢ þœ°À‘ŽÇϹ°³. ƒ¿º¦, 1947-™è ƒ¹° ŠÏ À‘¶Ò´±Ö Àª¨þÀ Žª¥´°ª¥ 64,000 ˆ™Ñ ¶Ò›è …¿½ ¶Ò›ã‘ À‘êî!

1900-ƒÖ ‡Œ¿. —ù¢. Ž› ƒÜ×‘ì ‡à³Žé‘Ñ: ''µÙî º‘œîÀéÇò Ø€ãב, ƒ¹±Æ‘, ‡Ž¿³, Óþº‘ÑïÆ‘ ‚ŽÆ ƒ¥›äÖ À¯¬ò …¿½´ °ò€À ±Í´³èã³ ‡òº³ ÙŽÆÀ‘î …¯€À. ‚ÇÌÀ‘ÇÌÅ ‚¯¨ã‘ þ° À¯¬Ö º‘ÌźÍÆ Ã€éÇÖ ÿÑ¿º‘œîÅ —œË³, ºÇÑ Ø€ãØ´° ®Ã€éÇÓϹ³ ØÒŽ¢ —œòé×Ñè ¶ìØÆ Ã€é ƒ³."

"ŽÝ™¿ º¤œ‘»Ö ¶Ì¹°Ì™ ‘Ö×‘Ëè êÍÀ‘î±ÓϹ³, Øל‘Çè ˆíìÀ±™‘î þ‘³€À, ‡¯—«Ë Ø´³è, ºÏ´± þº‘òé ºÇэ晐 À‘êت¥‘Ñè ¶Ò×ã´€°¿ º‘³‘™Å ºÇÑ¢ŸÝí Ã€é€Æ Àé¹þ°þº‘Ëت¥‘эè!" ‡òì þù‘בѪ ‘Öב˿ º‘œî´±ò Àí—é‘Ï Ø€ã€×ÉÅ Ÿª¦™‘ª¨Žé‘Ñ.

1998-ƒò «™Žòº¦ ƒ¹±Æ‘ Ãà׳À‘ 164.4 ÒªœÅ ˆ™Ñ ¶Ò›äÖ ‘Ö×‘Ë ÿÑ ×¦Æ‘ÀÖ þ°›ŽþÆ‘ …¿½ ¶Ò›ã‘ À‘êþÆ‘ Øל‘ÆÅ þÀ헍‘èã æƑ° ¶€ÒÇÖ …èãî.

µÙî ¶Ì¹°Ì¿ º‘œî™ ‘Öבˍäò ÙŽÆÀ‘î Ø€ãÚ Àí—é‘òì …¯¨. ‘Öב˿ º± À™è †ª¥¢œ´³Á™ …«€×, ÙŽÆÀ‘¢ ì °‘ïÆ›€ã¿ (À‘î‘בͿ ºÇэ€ã) ºÇͨ׀° ب´³¿ º«¿ºÇэ晐 À‘êبŽòéîÑ. ƒ°î‘Ö, ƒ¹° À™æ™Ž€¥þÆ œ´³™ €éÚ ˆíº¨Žé³. …°‘Ì«´±í, ƒÌ‘óø°‘ïÖ ƒ¹±Ì‘‘¹±™ ‘Ö×‘Ë ×¹°°í¿ »é, ‘Öב˿ º±äÖ ×‘â¹° À™è Å½ ºÇͪ¥ ¶Ò›äÖ ºÏ´± ºÇÍ¥´ —°‘¥›ŽîÑ. ƒ°î‘Ö Ý¹€°æ™¢ œ´°‘î …«Ú Ž€¥¿º³ €é¹³þº‘î³. ƒ³ þº‘òþé, ¶Ì¹°Ì¿ º‘œîÅ êÍÀ‘î ƒ¥›äÖ …«Ú¿ ºÇÑ ¶Ò›è º«™‘Ì Øל‘Ǎè, œÑ™€Ì ‚€Ò ðґääò —ºÍÆ ÏŽ´ þ°‘ª¥›ã‘ À‘ê, ˆíìÀ±™‘î œÑ™€Ì€Æ …íº´±—œË° €°æÅ ºÒÚ¯¨. ƒ³, µÅ µ‘ª¦ò ÿ€Ì ˆíìÀ± —œËװ퐢 œÀÀ‘Å.

—×èã´ °¨¿½™ €Ìè

‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ —×èã´³¥ò Š´³€Ý´³, þ×㑯€À€Æ þÀ헍‘¯¥ Àé€Æ¢ œÍÆ‘¿ ½Í¹³—‘èã‘ÀÖ, ‚›ŽþÒÆ¿ —º‘êÇÆÒ‘ãÑè —×èã™ ª¨¿º‘¨ (flood control) ‡òŽé ŠÏ ÃíêÕÅ ½±Æ Ï´€° êÍŠ—œË°îÑ. 1855-ƒÖ, °‘þÀ‘°Ñ µ±Çò ƒÏ½éÃÅ …ÆÌÀ‘î —×èã´ °¨¿½™ €Ìè ‡à¿½Å º¬ÇÖ ƒé›ŽîÑ. þ° œÀÆ´±Ö ƒ¹°¿ º±ÇÖ, ƒÌÇÖ °¯¥×‘㛍€ãÉÅ œ‘€Ò€ãÉÅ 1860-ƒÖ ª¦ æ´°îÑ. ¨´° ‚¯¦ò (1861) ºÏ× À€ÝÇÖ, ƒ¹° Äòê펀¥þÆ °¯­Ñ —ºÍÆ ã›ã‘´ þ°›Ž, °ò Ø€ãב ÀþÒÍÆ‘ þµ‘Ë ºÌØƳ. ³×€ÌÇÖ, µ±ÇÓϹ° Âò¤Ÿè —‘Ÿ¿ ½à™€ã´ ±òì×¹°°‘Ö ƒ¹°¿ º±ÇÖ ÀþÒÍÆ‘ ‡òìþÀ ŠÏ —ºÍÆ »Ì¢€îÆ‘ ƒÏ¹°±Ö€Ò. À™è °¯­€Ì´ °›è º¯€«äÓϹ³ צ¿º°í‘, —×èã´ °¨¿½¢ Ÿ×э€ã ›Á›À‘ …€¥™´ —°‘¥›ŽîÑ. ׯ¥Ö À¯ ¶Ò´±Ö ºÌ× ×‘Ë¿»ÖÒ‘ÀÖ, µ±¿º¨€ÇþÒþÆ °›ŽÆ°‘Ö µ±Çò —‘èããÚ €é¹°³. ƒ€° „¨—œËÆ, €Ì€Æ þÀÕÅ …ÆÌÀ‘ ‡à¿»îÑ ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ. ‘ª¨ —×èãÅ ×ÏÅþº‘³, ƒ¹°¢ Ÿ×Ñ þº‘òé €Ìè ‚›‘›þ …€¥¹³, ŽÌ‘À›è Þ¹°î. ÿÑ×ãÅ —ºÏ™Å º¬ÇÖ „¨ºª¨×ÏÅ ŠÏ œÄ þœ×Ñ —œ‘Ö׳þº‘Ò¿ "¾€î€Æ¿ þº‘Ò¢ œ´°ÁÖÒ‘ÀÖ ¸€Ý¹° —×èãÅ, ƒ¿þº‘³ ›´€°¿ þº‘Ò Ñó’´³™—‘¯¨ º‘˹°³!"

ƒ¹°™ ‘ª¨ —×èã´±î‘Ö ºÇэè þœ°À‘î³ Àª¨ÀÖÒ‘ÀÖ, ‚¯¨þ°‘ìÅ °×é‘ÀÖ Ž€¥´³™—‘¯¦Ï¹° ×ãÀ‘î ׯ¥Ö À¯ Ž€¥™‘ÀÖ þº‘î³. þ°‘¨ ƒÏ¹° ×ãÀ‘î þÀÖÀ¯€«ÉÅ Í´³™ —‘¯¨þº‘î³. ƒ¿º¦—ÆÖÒ‘Å ''ŸÅÀ‘ ×¹³ þœ‘ì þº‘ª¨™ —‘¯¦Ï¹°'' °‘þÀ‘°Ñ µ±É¥ò ׎™¿ þº‘î‘Ñè ‚›ŽþÒÆ ‚ªÆ‘ãэè. ƒ°ò Ø€ãڍè غΰÀ‘î³Å "×›‘ã´±ò ³ÆÌÅ" (Sorrow of Bengal) ‡òì °òÂþ° ¶Æ‘ÆÀ‘¿ ºÞŸÀ´±, °€î™ ª¨¿º¨´° ‡¯¬´ þ°‘íì¿þº‘î ‚›ŽþÒÆÑè ŠÏ Ã¦Ú™ ×¹°îÑ. 1869-ƒÖ, 32ŽÂ ÿã´±í —×èã´ °¨¿½™ €Ì€Æ ƒ¦´³´ °èäîÑ. ºÒ צ‘Ö ×œ±€ã¢ —œË°îÑ. ƒï ´°€Æ €Ì€ã™ ª¥þ× ˜¥‘³ ‡òì …ì±¾¯¥îÑ. þ°þº‘Ò, 1947-×€Ì ×Ñè ¹°¿ þº¢€œ ‡¨™þ×ÇÖ€Ò!

1954-‚Å ‚¯¨, ƒ¹±Æ Ìœ‘›Å ''—×èã™ ª¨¿º‘ª¨™ —‘耍''€Æ ¯¨Å êÍ¿º¨´±Æ³. ¹° ‚¯¨, ¼ù‘Ñ À‘¶Ò´±ò —×èã´ °¨¿½™ €ÌÇò ÿãÅ 160 ŽÂ ‚ ƒÏ¹°þº‘³, 25 ÒªœÅ —ù™þ¥Ñ ¶ÒÅ —×è㠁º‘Æ´±íè㑍™˜¦Æ ¶Ò¿ºÌ¿º‘ (flood prone area) ƒÏ¹°³. ‚î‘Ö, 2004-ƒÖ 3,430 Ž.Â. ÿãÀ‘ ±Í´³èã —×èã´ °¨¿½™ €ÌÇî‘Ö, 68.8 ÒªœÅ —ù™þ¥Ñ ¶Ò´€° —×è㠁º‘Æ´³™è㑍™˜¦Æ ¶Ò¿ºÌ¿º‘ Ìœ‘›þÀ êØ´³èã³. ƒ´°€Æ ˆíº‘¨äî‘Ö, Øל‘Æ ¶ÒÅ …¿º‘°Ö, °¯­Ñ þ°›°Ö, þÀÖÀ¯ Í´°Ö, ׯ¥Ö À¯ Ž€¥™‘ÀÖ þº‘°Ö, ºÇÑ¢þœ°Å þº‘òé€×ÉÅ Ò °ïµºÑäò þºÌ‘€œÇî‘Ö (ª¨À‘î´ —°‘ÞÓÖ …èã ƒÒ‘º ˆíº‘¨äî‘Ö) ±Í´³™—‘¯þ¥ þº‘î³ ‡òº³ µÀ³ €°É¥ò —°‘¥Ñ½èã ÙŽÆÀ‘î °×Ö.

×ãÀ‘ ƒÏ¹° µÅ Øל‘Æ ¶Ò›è ‡¿º¦´ °À³ ×ã´€° ƒÝ™´ —°‘¥›Žî ‡òº€°¢ —œòé ª¨€ÌÇÕÅ ƒ¹°™ ª¨€ÌÇÕÅ º‘Ñ´þ°‘Å. ‚î‘Ö ƒ¹°™ ‘Ì«›ã‘Ö°‘ò µÀ³ µ‘ª¦Ö º¤œ›è ˆíºª¨, ºŸ€À¿ ½Ìª€Æ êÍ¿º¨´° þׯ¦Æ ª¥‘Æ ¶€Ò™´ °è㿺ªþ¥‘Å ‡òé æڙ ×¹³Ø¥ æƑ³. ƒ¹° À‘í雍€ã¿ ºŸ€À¿ ½Ìª™™ ‘Ì«À‘¢ —œ‘ÖÓØ¥ æƑ³. ‚›ŽþÒÆэã‘Ö µÀ³ Øל‘Æ´±Ö ˆíºª¥ ¦¿º€¥Æ‘î À‘í鴱퐿 »éÅ ¶€Ò€À €Âê¿ þº‘ËØ¥ØÖ€Ò. 1900-ƒÖ óÌ‘´±Ö ˆíºª¥ —ºÏź¤œ´±òþº‘³, ƒÌ¯¥‘¯¨æ™´ þ°€×Æ‘î …«Ú °‘ïÆ›è ØÆ‘º‘͍äò Ž¥›äÖ À€é´³€×™¿ºª¦Ï¹°î. 1943-ƒÖ ×›‘ã´±Ö, 35 ÒªœÅ þºÑ ƒé¹³þº‘î ¨€ÀÆ‘î º¤œ´±òþº‘³Å 80,000 ¥ò …«Ú °‘ïÆ›è ƒ›ŽÒ‘¹³™ ˆíìÀ± —œËÆ¿ºª¥î. ‚Å, ƒ´°€î ‘Æ¿º¨´±ÉÅ À¯ µÀ™ èä™ —‘¨´³™—‘¯¦Ï¹° …«€× À™æ™¢ þœÌØ¥‘ÀÖ —œË°³, ºÒ ÌÆÖ, —º‘Ïã‘°‘Ì ¶âڍ谑ò. ƒ×í€é ×ÏÅ ª¨€ÌäÖ º‘Ñ¿þº‘Å.

1,7. Srinivas M.D., .Paramasivam T.G, Pushkala,T.; Thirupporur and Vadakkupattu: Eighteenth Century Locality Accounts; Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai, India; 2001.
2. Rao, C.H.; Mysore Gazetteer, Volume - IIIl 1929; p. 157.
3. Wilcocks, William; Lectures on the Ancient System of Irrigation in Bengal and its Application to Modern Problems; Calcutta University; 1930
4, 21. Karunakaran, Naren; Living with Floods; www.infochangeindia.org; July 2004.
5, 20. Mishra, Dinesh Kumar; Thus Come the Floods; Barh Mukti Abhiyan, Bihar; June 2003; p.8, 2-6
6. óîÌ‘óò, ‡ø.; ×Ò ¶€ÒÇÖ °Áݍ ‚ìè; ‘Ò¢Ÿ×¨; 2003; ó•€Ò. 89
8. þºÌ‘ÍÆÑ ‡ø. óîÌ‘óñ¥î‘î …€ÌÆ‘¥Ö.
9. Thomson, G.; India and the Colonies; 1838
10. Montgomery Martin; The Indian Empire; 1858
11. PPST Bulletin - Selected Readings; Indian Agriculture at the Turn of the Century; pg.69
12,13Voelcker, John Augustus; Report on the Improvement of Indian Agriculture; 1893; pgs.83;80
14. D'Souza, Rohan; Water in British India: The making of a ''Colonial Hydrology''; 2006; History Compass 4 (4), doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00336.x; pg.624
15, 17. Howard, Albert; Crop-Production in India: A Critical Survey of Its Problems; Periodical Experts Book Agency, 1924 pgs.29, 37
16. King, F.H.; Irrigation and drainage; London, 1900
18. Nirmal T.Singh; Irrigation And Soil Salinity In The Indian Subcontinent: Past And Present; Lehigh University Press; 2005; pg. 213
19. McCully, Patrick; Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams; 1996